Chapter 15 Flashcards
Insula
Involved in emotion, empathy and taste
Three categories of functional area in the cerebrum
-motor areas
-sensory areas
-association
Motor areas
Control voluntary motor functions
-axons terminating on the effector area
Sensory areas
Provide awareness of sensation
-send information to association
Association area
Integrate, analyze and store infromation
What are the four lobes of cerebrum
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
Central sulcus
Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Motor areas found in
Broca’s area and primary motor area
Motor area carries
Carries information from the brain to the body
Primary motor area
Located: pre central Gyrus of frontal lobe
Neurons control: voluntary skeletal and muscle activity
Motor speech area (Broca’s area) (location,regulates,controls)
Located: inferior lateral portion of the left frontal lobe
Regulates: patterns of breathing
Controls: muscular movements for speech production
Frontal eye field (location and regulation)
Locataed: superior surface of middle frontal Gyrus
Regulates: eye movement (reading and coordination of binocular vision)
Primary somatosensory cortex
Located: parietal lobe, behind Gyrus area
Receives information: touch, pain, proprioception, thermal, origin of sensation
What are the Sensory areas
-primary somatosensory cortex
-primary visual cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex
-primary olfactory cortex
What are the association areas
-somatosensory association area
-visual association area
-auditory association area
-wernickes area
Somatosensory association area
Located: in parietal lobe
Function: sensations to determine texture and shape of objects, temperature and pressure
Visual association area
Located: occipital lobe
Function: visual information, concerning: colour, movement and form
Auditory association area
Located: temporal lobe
Function: recognize sound, speech, music or noise
Wernickes area
Located: within the left hemisphere
Function: recognizing, understanding, spoken or written language
Components of diencephalon
-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
Epithalamus
-posterior roof of diencephalon
-covers medial lateral portions
-habenular nuclei
Epithalamus contains what endocrine gland?
Pineal gland
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
-acts in a way to promote sleepiness; produces more in dark
-circadian rhythm
Habenular nuclei
Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain
-behaviour responses to odour/smell
Thalamus
-paired oval masses of gray matter
-lie on each side of third ventricle
-contain thalamic nuclei
Gray matter
-motorneurons, interneuron (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelination axons)
Forms cerebral cortex
White matter
Made up of myelinated axons
-deep to grey matter
Features that support and protect the brain
-bony cranium
-cranial meninges
-CSF
-BBB
What are the three cranial meninges
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
Cranial Dura mater has two layers, they are:
-periosteal layer
-meningeal layer
Four cranial dura septa
-falx cerebri
-falx cerebelli
-tentorium cerebelli
-diaphragm sellae
Falx cerebri
Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Falx cerebelli
Separates two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Diaphragm sellae
Forms a roof over the cella turcica
Cella turcica
Holds the pituitary gland
How many ventricles are there in the brain
There are four ventricles
Ventricles
Cavities within the brain that contain CSF
Two of the lateral ventricles are found
One in each cerebral hemisphere
How are the two lateral ventricles separated
The septum pellucidum
Where is the third ventricle found
In the diencephalon
How does the third ventricle communicate with lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen
How does the third ventricle communicate with the forth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
where is the fourth ventricle found
Between the pons and cerebellum
-merges with the central canal of the spinal cord c
CSF
Clear liquid that circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space
Functions of CSF
-buoyancy
-protection
-environmental stability
What forms the CSF
Choroid plexus
How many times a day is CSF produced, and roughly how much?
Three times a day, making 500mL
The blood brain barrier
Regulates substances, what can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain
What specifically does the BBB let in (on slideshow)
Allows entry of lipid solvable substances
-nicotine, alcohol and anaesthetics
What areas of the body are missing BBB
-choroid plexus
-hypothalamus
-pineal gland
Why does the choroid plexus not have a BBB
Capillaries must be permeable to make the CSF
Why does the hypothalamus and pineal gland not have a BBB
Hormones are made that need to readily access the blood
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain
-center of intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory and judgement
-sensory perception (visual and auditory)
-voluntary motor
Gyri
Folds of cerebrum
Fissures
Deep grooves in the cerebrum
Sulci
Shallow depressions in the cerebrum
What’s the difference between fissures and sulci
Fissures are deep, sulci are shallow
Corpus callosum
Internally connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
-highway of communication between the two
What are the lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occiputal
Central sulcus
Serpentes the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe
Where on your head is the frontal lobe
Forehead area
Where on ur head is parietal lobe
Headband area and back to mid ear area
Where on ur head is the occipital lobe
Back rear part of the skull
Where on ur head is the temporal lobe
Temples! Stretches inward from temple area
Precentral gyrus
-primary motor area of cerebral cortex
Anterior to central cultus
Postcentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
-posterior to the central sulcus
Lateral cerebral sulcus
Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Parieto occipital sulcus
Separates the parietal lobe from occipital lobe
Frontal lobe function
Voluntary movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality
Parietal lobe functions
General sensory perception
-shape and texture of objects
Temporal lobe
Involved with hearing and smell
Occipital lobe
Processes incoming visual information and stores visual memories
insula
Deep to the lateral sulcus
-involved in awareness, emotions, empathy and taste
Cerebral cortex
The surface of the adult brain
Cranial dura mater
Outer layer
-fibrous and dense irregular tissue
Cranial dura mater layers
-superficial layer
-meningal layer
Arachnoid
Middle layer, found around brain and spinal cord
Contains: arachnoid villi and subarachnoid fluid
Arachnoid villi
Picks up nutrients and waste form the CSF
-drains into rural venous sinus
Where does the rural venous sinus drain into
Jugular vein
Choroid plexus
Neural tissue containing blood capillaries
-production of CSF
-has ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
Pick up nutrients and make CSF
-drain CSF into subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Innermost
-highly vascularized
-tightly adhered to the brain
Arachnoid trabeculae
Web of collagen and elastic fibres
(Part of arachnoid mater)
Meningeal layer
Lies deep to the periosteal layer
Periosteal layer
More superficial layer
-forms periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones
Rural venous sinuses
Drain blood from brain and transport to internal jugular vein
Epidural space
Contains arteries and veins to nourishing meninges
Components of the diencephalon
-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
Intercarpal
Proximal and distal finger joints
Epithalamus
-houses pineal gland
-as well as habenular nuclei
Habenular nuclei
Works together with limbic system, in terms of emotional responses to odour
Thalamus
-covers center core of diencephalon
-picks up signal and sends it out to other areas of brain
-prioritizes information (silence unimportant things/focus)
-reflexes related to smell
Hypothalamus
-activates autonomic no
-controls major hormones
-thermostat of the body
-emotional behaviour
-sensation of hunger
-water intake
-circadian rhythms
What impacts water intake
-vasopressin and aldosterone
Brain stem contains
-midbrain
-medulla
-pons
Brain stem connects the ______ and ______ to the spinal cord
-forebrain
-cerebellum
Brain stem functions
Autonomic reflex centres
-nuclei of many cranial nerves
Midbrain is located
As the superior portion of the brain stem
Cerebral aqueduct
Extends thru midbrain connecting third and fourth ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by
Periaqueductal grey matter
Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex thru _____ to the spinal cord
Cerebral peduncles
Superior cerebellum peduncles
Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
Red nuclei
Coordinate muscular movements
-maintaining posture
Substantial Nigria
Produces neurotransmitter dopamine
-very crustal
-subconscious activities
Red nuclei works synergistically with
The cerebellum
Superior colliculi
Involved in visual reflexes and activity
-accommodation reflexes
Accommodation reflexes
Tracking movement of the eye, head and neck in response to visual stimuli
Inferior colliculi
Part of the auditory reflex center
-turn head toward unexpected noise
Pons
Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another
-controls breathing/skeletal muscles involved w respiration
-contains two regions
Two regions of the pons
Dorsal (ascending and descending)
Ventral regions (pontine nuclei)
Dorsal tracks
Connects right and left cerebellum
How many nerves are associated with the pons
There are four pairs
Medulla oblongata function/location
The most inferior part of the brain stem
-contains pyramids (white matter tracts)
-heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing
Decussation of pyramids
Crossing over of white matter
Three parts of the medulla
-medullary respiratory center
-cardiovascular center
-vasomotor center
Cardiovascular cetner
Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat
-includes blood vessel diameter
Vasomotor center
Causes arterioles constriction or elevate blood pressure
Medullary respiratory center
Adjusts basic rhythms of breathing (rate and depth)
-centres of reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting)
Inferior olivary nucleus
Impulses from proprioception
-monitors
Gracile and cuneate nuclei
Sensation of touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception
Medulla contains how many cranial nerves
Five
Cerebellum
Cerebellar cortex
Consists of gray matter, in series of folia
Folia
Parallel ridges of gray matter
Arbour vitae
Tracts of white matter
Cerebellar nuclei
Regions of gray matter
-axon impulses from cerebellum to other brain centres/spinal cord
Vermis
Separates two lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
Fissures
Deep separation of two cerebellar hemispehres
Anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum
Controls skilled muscular actives
-catching a baseball
Cerebellar peduncles
Conduct impulses between cerebellum and other brain parts
Flocculonodular lobe
Equilibrium and balance
Alcohol in the cerebellum
Alcohol passes the BBB, affected the cerebellum which controls skilled skeletal muscle movements
Limbic system
Emotional brain
-range of emotions (pain, pleasure, anger)
-socio sexual behaviour
-olfaction
Damage to the limbic system causes
Memory impairment
How many cranial nerves are in the midbrain
Two pairs
How many cranial nerves are in the forebrain
Two
How many cranial nerves are in the pons
Three pairs
Olfactory nerve
-sensory : olfactory
-found: nasal cavity
I
Optic nerve
-sensory: visual senses (ability to see)
-found: retina
II
Oculomotor nerve
-motor: eye movement (ciliary muscles and iris muscles)
Blink and move eyes
-found: muscles of iris
III
Trochlear nerve
- motor: eye movements (superior oblique)
Move eyes up and down, back and forth
-found: eye and eyelid, ciliary muscles
IV
Trigeminal nerve
-sensory: touch, temperature and pain in cheeks
-motor: muscles of mastication (jaw movements)
-found:throughout face (cheeks and jaw)
V
Abducens nerve
-motor: extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus)
Eye movement
-found: central eye muscles
VI
Facial nerve
-motor: facial expressions
-sensory: sense of taste
-found: throughout face
VII
Vestibulocochlear nerve
-sensory: hearing and balance
-found: cochlea of inner ear
VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve
-sensory:taste
-motor: ability to swallow
-found: posterior tongue, pharynx and salivary gland
IX
Vagus nerve
-sensory: visceral sensory information from various organs
-motor: controls certain organs
-found:
X
Accessory nerve
-Motor: shoulder and neck muscle movement
-found: neck area running upwards toward jaw and ear
XI
Hypoglossal nerve
-motor: tongue movements
-found: under tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic muscles)
