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human anatomy > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Insula

A

Involved in emotion, empathy and taste

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2
Q

Three categories of functional area in the cerebrum

A

-motor areas
-sensory areas
-association

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3
Q

Motor areas

A

Control voluntary motor functions
-axons terminating on the effector area

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4
Q

Sensory areas

A

Provide awareness of sensation
-send information to association

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5
Q

Association area

A

Integrate, analyze and store infromation

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6
Q

What are the four lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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7
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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8
Q

Motor areas found in

A

Broca’s area and primary motor area

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9
Q

Motor area carries

A

Carries information from the brain to the body

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10
Q

Primary motor area

A

Located: pre central Gyrus of frontal lobe
Neurons control: voluntary skeletal and muscle activity

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11
Q

Motor speech area (Broca’s area) (location,regulates,controls)

A

Located: inferior lateral portion of the left frontal lobe
Regulates: patterns of breathing
Controls: muscular movements for speech production

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12
Q

Frontal eye field (location and regulation)

A

Locataed: superior surface of middle frontal Gyrus
Regulates: eye movement (reading and coordination of binocular vision)

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13
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located: parietal lobe, behind Gyrus area
Receives information: touch, pain, proprioception, thermal, origin of sensation

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14
Q

What are the Sensory areas

A

-primary somatosensory cortex
-primary visual cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex
-primary olfactory cortex

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15
Q

What are the association areas

A

-somatosensory association area
-visual association area
-auditory association area
-wernickes area

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16
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Located: in parietal lobe
Function: sensations to determine texture and shape of objects, temperature and pressure

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17
Q

Visual association area

A

Located: occipital lobe
Function: visual information, concerning: colour, movement and form

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18
Q

Auditory association area

A

Located: temporal lobe
Function: recognize sound, speech, music or noise

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19
Q

Wernickes area

A

Located: within the left hemisphere
Function: recognizing, understanding, spoken or written language

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20
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

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21
Q

Epithalamus

A

-posterior roof of diencephalon
-covers medial lateral portions
-habenular nuclei

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22
Q

Epithalamus contains what endocrine gland?

A

Pineal gland

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23
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin
-acts in a way to promote sleepiness; produces more in dark
-circadian rhythm

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24
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain
-behaviour responses to odour/smell

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25
Q

Thalamus

A

-paired oval masses of gray matter
-lie on each side of third ventricle
-contain thalamic nuclei

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26
Q

Gray matter

A

-motorneurons, interneuron (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelination axons)
Forms cerebral cortex

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27
Q

White matter

A

Made up of myelinated axons
-deep to grey matter

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28
Q

Features that support and protect the brain

A

-bony cranium
-cranial meninges
-CSF
-BBB

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29
Q

What are the three cranial meninges

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

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30
Q

Cranial Dura mater has two layers, they are:

A

-periosteal layer
-meningeal layer

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31
Q

Four cranial dura septa

A

-falx cerebri
-falx cerebelli
-tentorium cerebelli
-diaphragm sellae

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32
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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33
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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34
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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35
Q

Diaphragm sellae

A

Forms a roof over the cella turcica

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36
Q

Cella turcica

A

Holds the pituitary gland

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37
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain

A

There are four ventricles

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38
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities within the brain that contain CSF

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39
Q

Two of the lateral ventricles are found

A

One in each cerebral hemisphere

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40
Q

How are the two lateral ventricles separated

A

The septum pellucidum

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41
Q

Where is the third ventricle found

A

In the diencephalon

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42
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with lateral ventricles

A

Interventricular foramen

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43
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the forth ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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44
Q

where is the fourth ventricle found

A

Between the pons and cerebellum
-merges with the central canal of the spinal cord c

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45
Q

CSF

A

Clear liquid that circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space

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46
Q

Functions of CSF

A

-buoyancy
-protection
-environmental stability

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47
Q

What forms the CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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48
Q

How many times a day is CSF produced, and roughly how much?

A

Three times a day, making 500mL

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49
Q

The blood brain barrier

A

Regulates substances, what can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain

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50
Q

What specifically does the BBB let in (on slideshow)

A

Allows entry of lipid solvable substances
-nicotine, alcohol and anaesthetics

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51
Q

What areas of the body are missing BBB

A

-choroid plexus
-hypothalamus
-pineal gland

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52
Q

Why does the choroid plexus not have a BBB

A

Capillaries must be permeable to make the CSF

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53
Q

Why does the hypothalamus and pineal gland not have a BBB

A

Hormones are made that need to readily access the blood

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54
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain
-center of intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory and judgement
-sensory perception (visual and auditory)
-voluntary motor

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55
Q

Gyri

A

Folds of cerebrum

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56
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves in the cerebrum

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57
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions in the cerebrum

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58
Q

What’s the difference between fissures and sulci

A

Fissures are deep, sulci are shallow

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59
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Internally connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
-highway of communication between the two

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60
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occiputal

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61
Q

Central sulcus

A

Serpentes the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe

62
Q

Where on your head is the frontal lobe

A

Forehead area

63
Q

Where on ur head is parietal lobe

A

Headband area and back to mid ear area

64
Q

Where on ur head is the occipital lobe

A

Back rear part of the skull

65
Q

Where on ur head is the temporal lobe

A

Temples! Stretches inward from temple area

66
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

-primary motor area of cerebral cortex
Anterior to central cultus

67
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
-posterior to the central sulcus

68
Q

Lateral cerebral sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

69
Q

Parieto occipital sulcus

A

Separates the parietal lobe from occipital lobe

70
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Voluntary movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality

71
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

General sensory perception
-shape and texture of objects

72
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Involved with hearing and smell

73
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes incoming visual information and stores visual memories

74
Q

insula

A

Deep to the lateral sulcus
-involved in awareness, emotions, empathy and taste

75
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The surface of the adult brain

76
Q

Cranial dura mater

A

Outer layer
-fibrous and dense irregular tissue

77
Q

Cranial dura mater layers

A

-superficial layer
-meningal layer

78
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer, found around brain and spinal cord
Contains: arachnoid villi and subarachnoid fluid

79
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Picks up nutrients and waste form the CSF
-drains into rural venous sinus

80
Q

Where does the rural venous sinus drain into

A

Jugular vein

81
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Neural tissue containing blood capillaries
-production of CSF
-has ependymal cells

82
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Pick up nutrients and make CSF
-drain CSF into subarachnoid space

83
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost
-highly vascularized
-tightly adhered to the brain

84
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

Web of collagen and elastic fibres
(Part of arachnoid mater)

85
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Lies deep to the periosteal layer

86
Q

Periosteal layer

A

More superficial layer
-forms periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones

87
Q

Rural venous sinuses

A

Drain blood from brain and transport to internal jugular vein

88
Q

Epidural space

A

Contains arteries and veins to nourishing meninges

89
Q

Components of the diencephalon

A

-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

90
Q

Intercarpal

A

Proximal and distal finger joints

91
Q

Epithalamus

A

-houses pineal gland
-as well as habenular nuclei

92
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

Works together with limbic system, in terms of emotional responses to odour

93
Q

Thalamus

A

-covers center core of diencephalon
-picks up signal and sends it out to other areas of brain
-prioritizes information (silence unimportant things/focus)
-reflexes related to smell

94
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-activates autonomic no
-controls major hormones
-thermostat of the body
-emotional behaviour
-sensation of hunger
-water intake
-circadian rhythms

95
Q

What impacts water intake

A

-vasopressin and aldosterone

96
Q

Brain stem contains

A

-midbrain
-medulla
-pons

97
Q

Brain stem connects the ______ and ______ to the spinal cord

A

-forebrain
-cerebellum

98
Q

Brain stem functions

A

Autonomic reflex centres
-nuclei of many cranial nerves

99
Q

Midbrain is located

A

As the superior portion of the brain stem

100
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Extends thru midbrain connecting third and fourth ventricles

101
Q

Cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by

A

Periaqueductal grey matter

102
Q

Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex thru _____ to the spinal cord

A

Cerebral peduncles

103
Q

Superior cerebellum peduncles

A

Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

104
Q

Red nuclei

A

Coordinate muscular movements
-maintaining posture

105
Q

Substantial Nigria

A

Produces neurotransmitter dopamine
-very crustal
-subconscious activities

106
Q

Red nuclei works synergistically with

A

The cerebellum

107
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Involved in visual reflexes and activity
-accommodation reflexes

108
Q

Accommodation reflexes

A

Tracking movement of the eye, head and neck in response to visual stimuli

109
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Part of the auditory reflex center
-turn head toward unexpected noise

110
Q

Pons

A

Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another
-controls breathing/skeletal muscles involved w respiration
-contains two regions

111
Q

Two regions of the pons

A

Dorsal (ascending and descending)
Ventral regions (pontine nuclei)

112
Q

Dorsal tracks

A

Connects right and left cerebellum

113
Q

How many nerves are associated with the pons

A

There are four pairs

114
Q

Medulla oblongata function/location

A

The most inferior part of the brain stem
-contains pyramids (white matter tracts)
-heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing

115
Q

Decussation of pyramids

A

Crossing over of white matter

116
Q

Three parts of the medulla

A

-medullary respiratory center
-cardiovascular center
-vasomotor center

117
Q

Cardiovascular cetner

A

Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat
-includes blood vessel diameter

118
Q

Vasomotor center

A

Causes arterioles constriction or elevate blood pressure

119
Q

Medullary respiratory center

A

Adjusts basic rhythms of breathing (rate and depth)
-centres of reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting)

120
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Impulses from proprioception
-monitors

121
Q

Gracile and cuneate nuclei

A

Sensation of touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception

122
Q

Medulla contains how many cranial nerves

A

Five

123
Q

Cerebellum

A
124
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

Consists of gray matter, in series of folia

125
Q

Folia

A

Parallel ridges of gray matter

126
Q

Arbour vitae

A

Tracts of white matter

127
Q

Cerebellar nuclei

A

Regions of gray matter
-axon impulses from cerebellum to other brain centres/spinal cord

128
Q

Vermis

A

Separates two lobes of cerebellar hemispheres

129
Q

Fissures

A

Deep separation of two cerebellar hemispehres

130
Q

Anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum

A

Controls skilled muscular actives
-catching a baseball

131
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

Conduct impulses between cerebellum and other brain parts

132
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Equilibrium and balance

133
Q

Alcohol in the cerebellum

A

Alcohol passes the BBB, affected the cerebellum which controls skilled skeletal muscle movements

134
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional brain
-range of emotions (pain, pleasure, anger)
-socio sexual behaviour
-olfaction

135
Q

Damage to the limbic system causes

A

Memory impairment

136
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the midbrain

A

Two pairs

137
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the forebrain

A

Two

138
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the pons

A

Three pairs

139
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

-sensory : olfactory
-found: nasal cavity
I

140
Q

Optic nerve

A

-sensory: visual senses (ability to see)
-found: retina
II

141
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

-motor: eye movement (ciliary muscles and iris muscles)
Blink and move eyes

-found: muscles of iris
III

142
Q

Trochlear nerve

A
  • motor: eye movements (superior oblique)
    Move eyes up and down, back and forth
    -found: eye and eyelid, ciliary muscles
    IV
143
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

-sensory: touch, temperature and pain in cheeks
-motor: muscles of mastication (jaw movements)
-found:throughout face (cheeks and jaw)
V

144
Q

Abducens nerve

A

-motor: extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus)
Eye movement

-found: central eye muscles
VI

145
Q

Facial nerve

A

-motor: facial expressions
-sensory: sense of taste
-found: throughout face
VII

146
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

-sensory: hearing and balance
-found: cochlea of inner ear
VIII

147
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

-sensory:taste
-motor: ability to swallow
-found: posterior tongue, pharynx and salivary gland
IX

148
Q

Vagus nerve

A

-sensory: visceral sensory information from various organs
-motor: controls certain organs
-found:
X

149
Q

Accessory nerve

A

-Motor: shoulder and neck muscle movement
-found: neck area running upwards toward jaw and ear
XI

150
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

-motor: tongue movements
-found: under tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic muscles)

human anatomy (15 decks)

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