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human anatomy > Chapter Nine/Ten > Flashcards

Chapter Nine/Ten Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations

A

Between two joints
-bone and cartilage
-bone and teeth

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2
Q

As mobility increases….

A

Stability decreases

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3
Q

Three classifications of joints

A

-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synoural

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4
Q

Synorial

A

-very unstable and mobile
-separated by a joint cavity
-dense irregular tissue

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5
Q

Three accessory organs

A

Bursa, fat pad and tendons

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6
Q

Uniaxial

A

One plane/axes

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7
Q

Cartilaginous

A

-Immobile
-attached by cartilage
-no joint cavity

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8
Q

Types of cartilaginous

A

-synchondroses
-symphyses

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9
Q

Synchondroses

A

Hyaline cartilage
-helpful in determining age (eventually disappears)
Example: first rib and sternum

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10
Q

Symphyses

A

-fibrocartiledge and slight mobility
-resists compression and shock absorber
Example: pubic symphysis (adjusts in pregnancy)

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11
Q

Fibrous

A

-immobile
-no joint cavity
-prevents and restricts movement

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12
Q

Examples of fibrous (3)

A

-gomphoses
-sutures
-syndesmoses

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13
Q

Gomphoses

A

-held firmly in place by periodontal membrane
Example: teeth

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14
Q

Sutures

A

-shock absorber
Example: skull

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15
Q

Syndesmoses

A

-slight mobility
Example: tibia and fibula

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16
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense regular tissue
-intrinsic binding
-reinforces synorial joints
B2b

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17
Q

A joint cavity means

A

There is synouidal fluid
-movement and mobility

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18
Q

Biaxial

A

Two planes/axes

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19
Q

Multiaxial

A

Multiple plane/axes

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20
Q

Plane joint

A

Flat surface that slices
-side to side
-back to front
Example: intecarpal and tertarsal

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21
Q

Hinge joint

A

Bone fits into a depress
Example: elbow joint

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22
Q

Pivot joint

A

Bone fits into ring by other bone
Example: atlantoaxial

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23
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
Example: hip bone

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24
Q

Ball/socket joint

A

Bone fits into socket of other bone
Example: hip bone

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25
Q

Syntharthrosis

A

Immobile joint

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26
Q

Types of synarthrosis

A

-cartilaginous joint
-fibrous joint

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27
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly mobile join

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28
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely mobile joint
-all are diarthroses

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29
Q

Condylar joint

A

Biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on second bone
-back and forth
-side to side
Example: knuckles/fingers

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30
Q

Sarcrolemma

A

Regulates entry and exit of materials
-plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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31
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Metabolic processes for muscle fibre activities
-cytoplasm of muscle fibre

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32
Q

Sarcoplsdmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium ions (for contraction)
-smooth ER of muscle fibre

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33
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Site of calcium ion release (promotes contraction)
-expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

Transverse tubule

A

Transports muscle impulse from sacrolemma throughout
-tubular extensions of sarcolemma

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35
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contraction
-cylindrical structure

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36
Q

Thick filament

A

Binds to thin filament causing contraction
-composed of myosin

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37
Q

Thin filament

A

Thick filaments bind to it and cause contraction
-composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

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38
Q

Actin

A

Binding site for myosin to shorten a sacromere
-contractile protein

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39
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers active sites, prevents myosin from bringing to actin when muscle fibre is at rest
-regulatory protein

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40
Q

Troponin

A

Moves the tropomyosin off active sites when calcium ions bind to subunits
-allows binding of myosin to actin
-regulatory protein

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41
Q

Connectin

A

Organizes the sarcomere, provides passive tension

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42
Q

Nebulin

A

Regulates length of thin filament

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43
Q

Dystrophin

A

Anchors myofribrils adjacent to sacrolemma

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44
Q

Does a typical muscle fibre contain mitochondria?

A

Yes
About 300 per muscle fibre

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45
Q

Triad

A

Two terminal cisternae and t-tubules

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46
Q

Myoblasts

A

Undifferentiated muscle cells, potential of becoming muscle fibre

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47
Q

Satellite cell

A

Myoblasts that do not fuse with muscle fibres during development
-like a red shirt of muscle fibre

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48
Q

Myofibrils consist of

A

Myofilaments

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49
Q

Spherical molecule of actin

A

G actin

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50
Q

F actin

A

Multiple strands of G actin

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51
Q

Myofibrils arranged in repeating microscopic cylindrical units

A

Sarcromeres

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52
Q

Z discs/lines function

A

Composed of specialized proteins that serve as anchors for thin filaments

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53
Q

I band

A

Extend from Z disc
-only thin filaments
-disappears at maximal shortening

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54
Q

A band

A

Central region of sarcomere
-contains entire thick filament
-does not change during muscle contraction

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55
Q

H zone

A

Central portion of the A band in resting sarcomere
-only thick filaments
-zone disappears during shortening

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56
Q

M line

A

Mesh work structure within the Center of the H zone
-attachment site for thick filaments
-keeps thin filaments aligned

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57
Q

A band is ….

A

DaRK

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58
Q

I band is……

A

LiGHT

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59
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

When a muscle contracts thin and thick filaments slide past each other and the sacromere shortens

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60
Q

What changes occur during a sacromere contraction

A

-width of A band remains constant
-H zone disappears
-I bands narrow/shorten in length
-Z discs move closer together
-sarcomere shortens in length

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61
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
-hip joint

62
Q

Ball/socket joint

A

Bone fits into socket of other bone
-coxal (hip bone)

63
Q

Articulate capsule

A

Double layered capsule

64
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Outer layer

65
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Stops joints form pulling apart
-areolar
-inner layer

66
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricates, nourishes chondrocytes
-shock absorber

67
Q

Joint cavity

A

Contains small amount of synovial fluid
-reduces friction of bones

68
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, reduces friction
-cushions
-protects bone

69
Q

Ligaments

A

Brings bones together
-dense regular
-reinforces synorial joints

70
Q

Extrinsic ligaments

A

Separate from articular capsule
-outside

71
Q

Intrinsic ligaments

A

Thickening of the capsule itself

72
Q

Having a joint cavity means

A

There will be synovial fluid
-movement!!!!!!!

73
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Multiple dense regular connective tissues
-gum for teeth

74
Q

Synostoses

A

Bones completely fuse across
-suture line

75
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

Binds Shafts of two articulating bones together

76
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immobile

77
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly mobile

78
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely mobile

79
Q

Gliding

A

Two opposing surfaces slide slightly
-back to front
-side to side

80
Q

Angular

A

Increasing or decreasing the angles between two bones
-synovial joints

81
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease the angle
-to bend
-head down, making a fist

82
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle
-stretching out
-straightening fingers, straighten arm

83
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of joint beyond its normal range
-usually injury

84
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away
-vertebrae in cervical

85
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
-raising arm up, spreading fingers

86
Q

Adduction

A

Medial movement of a body part toward the midline
-arm at side, fingers touching (queen wave)

87
Q

Circumspection

A

Continous- distal end of limb moves in a circle
-arms doing windmils

88
Q

Rotation

A

Bone pivots around own longitudinal axis
-turning ur head (shaking head)

89
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Anterior surface of femor/humorous lateral movement
-90 degree arm pointing forward, moving it outward

90
Q

Medial rotation

A

Anterior surface of femor/numerous medial rotation
-90 degree arm moving to the inside (pressed against stomach)

91
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of forearm, palm turned posteriorly

92
Q

Suplination

A

Rotation of forearm, palm is turned anteriorly

93
Q

Depression

A

Movement inferiority
-open mouth, shoulder relaxed after shrugging

94
Q

Elevation

A

Movement superiority
-closing mouth, shoulder shrugging

95
Q

Dorisflexion

A

Ankle joint movement , superior surface toward anterior of leg
-toes pointed up toward knee

96
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Toes pointed towards the ground

97
Q

Inversion

A

Twisting foot so sole is medial/inward

98
Q

Eversion

A

Twisting foot so sole in lateral/outward

99
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement of body part form an atomic position
-pushing your jaw out

100
Q

retraction

A

Posterior movement of body part from an atomic position
-pulling jaw back in

101
Q

opposition

A

Thumb movement to permit grasping an object
-crossing thumb over toward pinky

102
Q

What type of joints are SYNARTHROSIS

A

Drosis, phosis, suture
-gomphosis
-suture
-synchondrosis

103
Q

What type of joints are AMPHIARTHROSIS

A

Syn, sym
-syndesmosis
-symphysis

104
Q

What types of joints are DIARTHROSIS

A

All synovial joints

105
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Three E’s, Two C’s
-excitability
-conductivity
-contractile
-elasticity
-extensibility

106
Q

Excitability in muscle tissue

A

Cell responds to a stimuli’s, electrical change
-action potential

107
Q

Conductivity in muscle tissue

A

Transmit electrical events along cell membrane

108
Q

Contractility in muscle tissue

A

Enables body movement by tension and shortening cell length

109
Q

Elasticity

A

Returns to original length following shortening and lengthening

110
Q

Extensibility of muscle tissue

A

Lengthening of a muscle cell

111
Q

Skeletal tissue properties

A

Striated and voluntary
-considered an organ

112
Q

Skeletal tissue functions

A

-body movement
-posture
-protect and supports
-regulates elimation of materials
-produces heat

113
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibres
-part of perimysium

114
Q

Muscle

A

Multiple fascicles
-contain blood vessels and nerve fibres
-part of epimysium

115
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Multinucleated cylindrical fiber
-striated with Myofibrils
-part of endomysium

116
Q

Myofibril

A

Contractile
-long and cylindrical, striations

117
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Thick (myosin) and thin (actin)

118
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

119
Q

Endomysium

A

MUSCLE FIBER
-innermost layer of areolar tissue
-contains reticular fiber to bind
-electrically insulate

120
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds fascicles and branches blood vessels to them
-dense irregular

121
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds whole skeletal muscle
-dense irregular

122
Q

Deep fascia

A

Binds muscles with similar functions
-visceral
-sheaths help to distribute: nerves, blood vessels lymph and fill space

123
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Subcataneous
-separates muscle from skin
-areolar and adipose

124
Q

Tendon

A

Attaches muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
-thick cord like

125
Q

Aponerosis

A

Unique tendon in thin flatten sheet form

126
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

From brain and spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle

127
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Superior and inferior attachment

128
Q

Appendicular

A

Proximal and distal attachment

129
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Z disc moving towards each other as the myosin attaches to the actin

130
Q

Connective tissue covering of the muscle

A

Epimysium

131
Q

Connective tissue covering of the fascicles

A

Perimysium

132
Q

Connective tissue covering the muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

133
Q

Origin of muscle

A

The fixed part of the muscle

134
Q

Insertion

A

Moving part
-indicates the movement by the muscle

135
Q

Do muscles move bone

A

No- the tendon moves the bone by muscle attachment

136
Q

Four patterns of fascicles arrangements

A

-circular
-parallel
-convergent
-pinnate

137
Q

Circular patterns

A

Fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening
-muscles around the lips

138
Q

Parallel

A

Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
-no every strong
Example: recuts abdominis, thigh muscles

139
Q

Convergent

A

Triangles muscle with common attachment site
-direction of pull can be changed
-Pectoralis major

140
Q

Pennate

A

One or more tendons at oblique angle to tendon
-pulls harder

141
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover -Produces a specific movement
-biceps brachii moves arm on its own

142
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
-tricep brachii vs bicep brachii

143
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that assist the agonist
-brachialis and brachioradialis to flex antebrachium

144
Q

How are muscles named

A
  1. Function
  2. Location
  3. Muscle attachments
  4. Orientation
  5. shape and size
  6. Muscle heads
145
Q

If a muscle can abduct

A

“Adductor”

146
Q

Calmodulin

A

Replaces the troponin, to enable slow, efficient fatigue resistant compressions
(Calcium binds)
-allows smooth muscle to be involuntary

147
Q

Calmodulin

A

Replaces troponin to allow smooth, efficient, fatigue resistant contractions
(Calcium to simulate)
-creates involuntary movements

148
Q

What sets smooth muscle apart

A

-sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum, instead calcium stored in ECF
-no t-tubules
-contains Calmodulin instead of troponin

149
Q

Cardiac is….

A

Autorhythmic

150
Q

Autorhthmyic

A

Doesn’t need a stimulation to function

151
Q

Dark band

A

A band, Z disc

152
Q

Light band

A

I band

human anatomy (15 decks)

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