Chapter Nine/Ten Flashcards
Articulations
Between two joints
-bone and cartilage
-bone and teeth
As mobility increases….
Stability decreases
Three classifications of joints
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synoural
Synorial
-very unstable and mobile
-separated by a joint cavity
-dense irregular tissue
Three accessory organs
Bursa, fat pad and tendons
Uniaxial
One plane/axes
Cartilaginous
-Immobile
-attached by cartilage
-no joint cavity
Types of cartilaginous
-synchondroses
-symphyses
Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage
-helpful in determining age (eventually disappears)
Example: first rib and sternum
Symphyses
-fibrocartiledge and slight mobility
-resists compression and shock absorber
Example: pubic symphysis (adjusts in pregnancy)
Fibrous
-immobile
-no joint cavity
-prevents and restricts movement
Examples of fibrous (3)
-gomphoses
-sutures
-syndesmoses
Gomphoses
-held firmly in place by periodontal membrane
Example: teeth
Sutures
-shock absorber
Example: skull
Syndesmoses
-slight mobility
Example: tibia and fibula
Ligaments
Dense regular tissue
-intrinsic binding
-reinforces synorial joints
B2b
A joint cavity means
There is synouidal fluid
-movement and mobility
Biaxial
Two planes/axes
Multiaxial
Multiple plane/axes
Plane joint
Flat surface that slices
-side to side
-back to front
Example: intecarpal and tertarsal
Hinge joint
Bone fits into a depress
Example: elbow joint
Pivot joint
Bone fits into ring by other bone
Example: atlantoaxial
Saddle joint
Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
Example: hip bone
Ball/socket joint
Bone fits into socket of other bone
Example: hip bone
Syntharthrosis
Immobile joint
Types of synarthrosis
-cartilaginous joint
-fibrous joint
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile join
Diarthrosis
Freely mobile joint
-all are diarthroses
Condylar joint
Biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on second bone
-back and forth
-side to side
Example: knuckles/fingers
Sarcrolemma
Regulates entry and exit of materials
-plasma membrane of muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
Metabolic processes for muscle fibre activities
-cytoplasm of muscle fibre
Sarcoplsdmic reticulum
Stores calcium ions (for contraction)
-smooth ER of muscle fibre
Terminal cisternae
Site of calcium ion release (promotes contraction)
-expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Transverse tubule
Transports muscle impulse from sacrolemma throughout
-tubular extensions of sarcolemma
Myofibrils
Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contraction
-cylindrical structure
Thick filament
Binds to thin filament causing contraction
-composed of myosin
Thin filament
Thick filaments bind to it and cause contraction
-composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
Actin
Binding site for myosin to shorten a sacromere
-contractile protein
Tropomyosin
Covers active sites, prevents myosin from bringing to actin when muscle fibre is at rest
-regulatory protein
Troponin
Moves the tropomyosin off active sites when calcium ions bind to subunits
-allows binding of myosin to actin
-regulatory protein
Connectin
Organizes the sarcomere, provides passive tension
Nebulin
Regulates length of thin filament
Dystrophin
Anchors myofribrils adjacent to sacrolemma
Does a typical muscle fibre contain mitochondria?
Yes
About 300 per muscle fibre
Triad
Two terminal cisternae and t-tubules
Myoblasts
Undifferentiated muscle cells, potential of becoming muscle fibre
Satellite cell
Myoblasts that do not fuse with muscle fibres during development
-like a red shirt of muscle fibre
Myofibrils consist of
Myofilaments
Spherical molecule of actin
G actin
F actin
Multiple strands of G actin
Myofibrils arranged in repeating microscopic cylindrical units
Sarcromeres
Z discs/lines function
Composed of specialized proteins that serve as anchors for thin filaments
I band
Extend from Z disc
-only thin filaments
-disappears at maximal shortening
A band
Central region of sarcomere
-contains entire thick filament
-does not change during muscle contraction
H zone
Central portion of the A band in resting sarcomere
-only thick filaments
-zone disappears during shortening
M line
Mesh work structure within the Center of the H zone
-attachment site for thick filaments
-keeps thin filaments aligned
A band is ….
DaRK
I band is……
LiGHT
Sliding filament theory
When a muscle contracts thin and thick filaments slide past each other and the sacromere shortens
What changes occur during a sacromere contraction
-width of A band remains constant
-H zone disappears
-I bands narrow/shorten in length
-Z discs move closer together
-sarcomere shortens in length
Saddle joint
Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
-hip joint
Ball/socket joint
Bone fits into socket of other bone
-coxal (hip bone)
Articulate capsule
Double layered capsule
Fibrous layer
Outer layer
Synovial membrane
Stops joints form pulling apart
-areolar
-inner layer
Synovial fluid
Lubricates, nourishes chondrocytes
-shock absorber
Joint cavity
Contains small amount of synovial fluid
-reduces friction of bones
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, reduces friction
-cushions
-protects bone
Ligaments
Brings bones together
-dense regular
-reinforces synorial joints
Extrinsic ligaments
Separate from articular capsule
-outside
Intrinsic ligaments
Thickening of the capsule itself
Having a joint cavity means
There will be synovial fluid
-movement!!!!!!!
Periodontal membrane
Multiple dense regular connective tissues
-gum for teeth
Synostoses
Bones completely fuse across
-suture line
Interosseous membrane
Binds Shafts of two articulating bones together
Synarthrosis
Immobile
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile
Diarthrosis
Freely mobile
Gliding
Two opposing surfaces slide slightly
-back to front
-side to side
Angular
Increasing or decreasing the angles between two bones
-synovial joints
Flexion
Decrease the angle
-to bend
-head down, making a fist
Extension
Increases angle
-stretching out
-straightening fingers, straighten arm
Hyperextension
Extension of joint beyond its normal range
-usually injury
Lateral flexion
Trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away
-vertebrae in cervical
Abduction
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
-raising arm up, spreading fingers
Adduction
Medial movement of a body part toward the midline
-arm at side, fingers touching (queen wave)
Circumspection
Continous- distal end of limb moves in a circle
-arms doing windmils
Rotation
Bone pivots around own longitudinal axis
-turning ur head (shaking head)
Lateral rotation
Anterior surface of femor/humorous lateral movement
-90 degree arm pointing forward, moving it outward
Medial rotation
Anterior surface of femor/numerous medial rotation
-90 degree arm moving to the inside (pressed against stomach)
Pronation
Rotation of forearm, palm turned posteriorly
Suplination
Rotation of forearm, palm is turned anteriorly
Depression
Movement inferiority
-open mouth, shoulder relaxed after shrugging
Elevation
Movement superiority
-closing mouth, shoulder shrugging
Dorisflexion
Ankle joint movement , superior surface toward anterior of leg
-toes pointed up toward knee
Plantar flexion
Toes pointed towards the ground
Inversion
Twisting foot so sole is medial/inward
Eversion
Twisting foot so sole in lateral/outward
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part form an atomic position
-pushing your jaw out
retraction
Posterior movement of body part from an atomic position
-pulling jaw back in
opposition
Thumb movement to permit grasping an object
-crossing thumb over toward pinky
What type of joints are SYNARTHROSIS
Drosis, phosis, suture
-gomphosis
-suture
-synchondrosis
What type of joints are AMPHIARTHROSIS
Syn, sym
-syndesmosis
-symphysis
What types of joints are DIARTHROSIS
All synovial joints
Properties of muscle tissue
Three E’s, Two C’s
-excitability
-conductivity
-contractile
-elasticity
-extensibility
Excitability in muscle tissue
Cell responds to a stimuli’s, electrical change
-action potential
Conductivity in muscle tissue
Transmit electrical events along cell membrane
Contractility in muscle tissue
Enables body movement by tension and shortening cell length
Elasticity
Returns to original length following shortening and lengthening
Extensibility of muscle tissue
Lengthening of a muscle cell
Skeletal tissue properties
Striated and voluntary
-considered an organ
Skeletal tissue functions
-body movement
-posture
-protect and supports
-regulates elimation of materials
-produces heat
Fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibres
-part of perimysium
Muscle
Multiple fascicles
-contain blood vessels and nerve fibres
-part of epimysium
Muscle fibre
Multinucleated cylindrical fiber
-striated with Myofibrils
-part of endomysium
Myofibril
Contractile
-long and cylindrical, striations
Contractile proteins
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin)
Regulatory proteins
Troponin and tropomyosin
Endomysium
MUSCLE FIBER
-innermost layer of areolar tissue
-contains reticular fiber to bind
-electrically insulate
Perimysium
Surrounds fascicles and branches blood vessels to them
-dense irregular
Epimysium
Surrounds whole skeletal muscle
-dense irregular
Deep fascia
Binds muscles with similar functions
-visceral
-sheaths help to distribute: nerves, blood vessels lymph and fill space
Superficial fascia
Subcataneous
-separates muscle from skin
-areolar and adipose
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
-thick cord like
Aponerosis
Unique tendon in thin flatten sheet form
Somatic motor neurons
From brain and spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle
Axial skeleton
Superior and inferior attachment
Appendicular
Proximal and distal attachment
Muscle contraction
Z disc moving towards each other as the myosin attaches to the actin
Connective tissue covering of the muscle
Epimysium
Connective tissue covering of the fascicles
Perimysium
Connective tissue covering the muscle fiber
Endomysium
Origin of muscle
The fixed part of the muscle
Insertion
Moving part
-indicates the movement by the muscle
Do muscles move bone
No- the tendon moves the bone by muscle attachment
Four patterns of fascicles arrangements
-circular
-parallel
-convergent
-pinnate
Circular patterns
Fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening
-muscles around the lips
Parallel
Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
-no every strong
Example: recuts abdominis, thigh muscles
Convergent
Triangles muscle with common attachment site
-direction of pull can be changed
-Pectoralis major
Pennate
One or more tendons at oblique angle to tendon
-pulls harder
Agonist
Prime mover -Produces a specific movement
-biceps brachii moves arm on its own
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
-tricep brachii vs bicep brachii
Synergist
Muscle that assist the agonist
-brachialis and brachioradialis to flex antebrachium
How are muscles named
- Function
- Location
- Muscle attachments
- Orientation
- shape and size
- Muscle heads
If a muscle can abduct
“Adductor”
Calmodulin
Replaces the troponin, to enable slow, efficient fatigue resistant compressions
(Calcium binds)
-allows smooth muscle to be involuntary
Calmodulin
Replaces troponin to allow smooth, efficient, fatigue resistant contractions
(Calcium to simulate)
-creates involuntary movements
What sets smooth muscle apart
-sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum, instead calcium stored in ECF
-no t-tubules
-contains Calmodulin instead of troponin
Cardiac is….
Autorhythmic
Autorhthmyic
Doesn’t need a stimulation to function
Dark band
A band, Z disc
Light band
I band
