midterm anatomy Flashcards
levels of organization from simple to complex
- atoms
- cells
3.tissues
4.organs - systems
anatomical position
body standing posture with arms at side and palms turned forward
tissues
a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit
proximal
toward or nearest to the trunk
distal
away from or farthest from trunk
sagittal plane
divides into right and left sections
midsaggital plane
divides into 2 equal sections
frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides into upper and lower halves
oblique plane
cutting structure diagonal
location of liver
right upper quadrant, beneath diaphragm, above stomach
what does diaphragm divide
thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
charges of proton, neutron, electron
proton: +
neutron: No charge
electron: -
tryglyceride
lipid molecules formed by a glycerol unit head that is joined to 3 fatty acid tails; stores energy
substances that make up DNA nucleotide
adenine, thymine, guanine cytosine
parts to a cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
what does mitochondria do
responsible for providing complex, energy releasing chemical reactions; powerhouse of cell
Smooth ER
does not have ribosomes attached to outer surface
Rough ER
does have ribosomes attached to outer surface
function of the nervous tissue
senses, conducts, and processes information
connective tissue
provides structural and functional support; most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body
type of tissue that can be classified according to shape of its cell
epithelial tissue
most durable and strong type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
heaviest organ in the body
liver
functions of the skin
protection, temp regulation, sensation, excretion, prevent UV radiation
glands of endocrine system
pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes
systems the thymus gland is apart of
lymphatic system, endocrine system
primary organs in digestive system
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines(colon), rectum, anal canal
accessory organs in digestive system
teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix; secrete and store substances that pass through ducts
structure of lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, lymph fluid, red bone marrow
pandemic
epidemics that spread throughout the world
epidemic
disease that spreads to many people at same time in defined region
endemic
disease that is native to a local region
risk factors for disease
genetic factors, age, lifestyle, stress, environmental factors, preexisting conditions
mechanisms of transmission of pathogenic organisms
direct contact, airborne, droplet, vector such as mosquito
benign tumor
localized growth of cells, encapsulated, stay in primary location without invading other sites of body
benign tumor from connective tissue
lipoma, osteoma, chondroma
malignant tumor from connective tissue
generally called “sarcomas” lymphoma, osteosarcoma, myeloma, fibrosarcoma
difference between disease and syndrome
disease: usually has finding cause, distinguishing symptoms and treatment
syndrome: group of symptoms that may not always have definite cause
visceral peritoneum covers
covers organs in abdominopelvic cavity
where does hair growth begin
hair papilla, hair follicle
any type of hair loss is called
alopecia
functions of the arrector pili muscle
causes goosebumps, happens when frightened or cold
first degree burn
minor discomfort and reddening of skin; typical sunburn
second degree burn
blisters, severe pain, swelling fluid loss; deep epidermis layers
third degree burn
complete destruction of epidermis and dermis, full thickness burn
fourth degree burn
full thickness burn that goes below subcutaneous tissue to muscle or bone; treatment often requires amputation
distinction between 2nd and 3rd degree burn
3rd degree burns have no pain immediately after injury due to destruction of nerve endings
parts of long bone
- Diaphysis or shaft
- Medullary cavity
- Epiphyses or ends of long bone
- Articular cartilage
- Periosteum
- endosteum
difference between osteoblast and osteoclast
osteoblast: bone forming
osteoclast: bone resorping
how many vertebrae in each region of spine
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacrum: 5
coccyx: 3-5 in child fusing into 1 as adult
difference between types of joint
synarthroses: no movement
amphiarthroses: slight movement
diarthroses: free movement
conditions caused from lack of vitamin D in infants and children
rickets and osteomalicia
types of ribs and what numbers each consist of
true ribs: 1-7
false ribs: 8-12
difference between types of muscle tissue
skeletal: striated, voluntary
cardiac: smooth, involuntary
smooth: nonstriated, involuntary
multiple sclerosis (MS)
myelin loss in central nerve fiber causing conduction impairment and autoimmune disorder
sensory neuron
carries impulses to brain and spinal cord from all parts of the body; afferent neurons
motor neurons
carries impulses in opposite direction away from brain and spinal cord; efferent neurons
interneuron
conducts impulses from sensory neuron to motor neurons; central or connecting neuron
vital centers of the brain
cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor are in medulla
CSF if found in
spaces of meninges
