Midterm Flashcards
Developmentalists
Researchers and practitioners whose professional interests lie in the study of the human lifespan
Lifespan development
The scientific field covering all of the human life span
Lifespan development is multidisciplinary
Draws on field including neurosciences social policy nursing psychology
Child development
The scientific study of development of brain to adolescence
Gerontology
The scientific study of the aging process
Adult development
The scientific study of the adult part of life
Normative transitions
Predictable life stages that occur during development
Non Normative transition
Unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development
Cohort
The age group that you travel through life with
Baby boom cohort
The huge age group born between 1946 -1964
Contexts of development
Fundemental markers including cohort sex culture that shape how we develop
Socioeconomic status
A basic marker referring to status on educational and income rungs
Developing world
The more impoverished counties
Collectivist cultures
Societies that that prize social Harmony obindeince close family
Individualist cultures
Societies that prize independence
Competition
Personal success
Emerging adulthood
The phase of life that begins after high school,tapers off towards late twenties
Average life expectancy
A persons 50/50 chance at birth of living to a certain age
20th century life expectation revolution
Dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred first half of twetntyth century
Maximum lifespan
The biological limit of human life
105
Young old
60/70
Old old
Over 80
Great Recession
Dramatic loss of jobs that began with bursting of us housing bubble in late 2007
Income inequality
The gap between the rich and poor within a nation
Specifically when income inequality is wide a nation has few affluent and many disadvantaged citizens
Developed world
The more affluent countries of the world
Theory
Any perspective explaining why people act the way they do
Theories allow us to predict behavior and suggest how to intervene and improve behavior
Traditional behaviorism
The original behavioral world view that focused on charting and modyfying only objective visible behaviors
Operant conditioning
According to the traditional behavioral perspective, the law of learning that determined voluntary response
Specifically we act the way we do because we Are reinforced for acting that way
Cognitive behavioralism
Social learning theory
A behavioral worldview that emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts and reinforcers determine behaviors
Cognitive behavioralist
Focus of changing and modyfying thoughts
Self efficacy
An internal belief in our competence that determines whether we initiate in activities or persist in face of failures
Accommodation
Piaget enlarging or mental capacities to fit input from the wider world
Developmental systems perspective
All encompassing outlook on development stresses the need to embrace a variety of theories and that they all relAte
Bronfenbrenners ecological model
Microsystem-direct environment
Mesosystem-relationship between Microsystem
Exosystem: setting in which there is a link between context where a person has no active role
Macro systems-cultures
Chronosystem- transitions
Macro system
Culture of individual
Ses
Ethnicity
Chronosystem
Transitions and shifts in life
Divorce
Piaget sensorimotoe
Ends in language
Manipulates objects
0-2
Preoperations
Perceptions captured by immediate objects
2-7
Concrete operations
Realistic understanding
8-12
Formal operations
Reasoning Hypothetical Scientific Flexible 12+
Crosssecrional study
A developmental strategy that involves testing different age groups at same time
Logitudal study
Tests age group for many years
Fertilization
Union of speech and egg
Sperm surround ovum
Sperm burrows in
Two nuclei of cells fuse
Chromosome
A threadlike strand of DNA that is located in the nucleus of every cell that carries genes
DNA
Makes up genes
Gene
Segment of DNA that contains blueprint for protein
Attachment theory
Theory formed by john bowlby centering on critical importance to our species survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to significant other later in life
Evolutionary psychology
Theory or worldview highlighting the role that inborn species specific behaviors play in human development
Behavioral genetics
Field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behavior t
Twin study
Behavior genetic research strategy, designed to determine connection of a given trait that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins
Adoption study
Compare child with biological and adoptive study
Evocative forces
The nature interacts with nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predisposition evoke or produce responses from people
Bidirectionality
The crucial principle that people affect one another or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions
Active forces
Nature interacts with nurture principle that our generic tendencies and predispositions cause us to choose to put ourselves environments
Person environment fit
The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents
Erik sons psychosocial tasks
Each challenge we face as we travel through the eight stages of lifespan
Piagets cognitive development theory
Piaget principle that from infancy to adolescence children progress through four different stages of intellectual growth
Assimilation
Piaget
Fitting input to existing capacities
Germinal stage
First 14 days of prenatal development from fertilization to implantation
Zygote
Fertilized ovum
Blastocyst
The hollow sphere of cells that formed during germinal stage in prep for implantation
Implantation
The process I. Which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall
Embryonic stage
Second stage
Week 3-8
Neural tube
A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal chord
Proximodisal sequence
Growth occurs from interior outwards
Ceph. Sequence
Head to toe
Mass to specific
Large structures preced details
Fetal stage
The final stage of prenatal development 7 months
Characterized by refinements massive growth
Brian development
Gestation
Period of pregnancy
Miscarriage
The naturally occurring loss of pregnancy
Quickening
Women’s first feeling of the fetus moving
Birth defect
A physical or neurological problem occurring prenatally or at birth
Teratogen
Teratogen a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
Sensitive period
The time when body structures most vulnerable to damage
Developmental disorder
Learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood
Fetal alcohol system
A cluster of birth defects caused by a mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Fetal programming research
New research discipline exploring impact of traumatic events and intense stress on low birth weight and obesity
Down syndrome
The most common chromosomal abnormality causing mental retardation heart disease and physical characteristics
Genetic testing
A blood test to determine whether a person carries a gene for a genetic disorder
Ultrasound
Image of fetus in womb
Chronic villis sampling
Risky first trimester pregnancy test for fetal disorders
Aminotesis
Second trimester genetic testing
Syringe extracts fluid
Inferetiliy
Inability to receive after a year of unprotected sex
Assisted reproductive technology
Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb
In vitro
Conception outside womb
Cell inserted to uterus
Dilation and effacement
Cervix thins and widens
Birth
Fetus descends
Crowning
Expulsion
Placenta pushed out
Breech birth
A typical positioning
Natural child birth
Labor without medical
Apagar scale
Measure heart rate Muscle Respiration Reflex Color
Low birth weight
Less that 5.5
Very low birth weight
LeS than 3.5
Infant mortality
Death in year 1
Cerebral cortex
Outer part of Brian
Thinking reading perceiving
Axon
Long nerve fiber that conducts impulses
Dendrite
A branching fiber that receives info
Synapses
The gap between dendrites of I nwuron and axon of another
Syapgenisis
Forming connection
Myelination
Formation of fatty layer encasing axons and neurons
Speed
Plastic
Malleable
Stunting
Short stature caused by under nutrition
Micronutrient deficiency
Inadequate level of of nutrients
Food insecurity
1/5 in us
Colic
Baby’s frantic crying during the first 3 months of life caused by immature immune system
Swaddling
Wrapping baby tightly in a blanket
Calming
Kangaroo care
Carrying a young baby in a sling close to body
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement
Co sleeping
Standard custom of collectivist cultures of having baby in bed
Sudden infant death
Death while sleeping, unexpected, year 1
Preferential looking paradigm
A research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition drawing in the principle that we prefer new things
Habituation
Loss of interest once stimulus framiliar
Face perception studies
Research using oarifigm and habituation to explore what young babies know about faces
Sensorimotoe stage
Piaget first stage
Birth-2
Pin down basics of reality
Circular reactions
Piaget
Repeatative actions
Habits
Primary circular reactors
Center also on body
Secondary circular
Exploring the world
4-months-1 year
Tertiary circular
Involving flexibility exploring properties of objects
Means end
Goal
A not b error
Approaching age one
Go back to original hiding place
Little scientists
Age one
Tertiary
Information processing approach
A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes like a computer
Social cognition
Any skill relating to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
Joint attention
The first sign of getting human intentions
Follow gaze or point
Grammar
Roles and word serving system
Language acquisition
Chomskys term for hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language
Social interactionist perspective
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function
Babbling
Alternating vowel and constants
5 months
Halo phase
Single word for complete thought
1 year
Telegraphic speech
18 months
First stage of combbinding words
Two word combinations
Attachment
The powerful bond between caregiver and child
Toddlerhood
The important transitional period stage 1-2.5
Intense attachment
Proximity seeking behavior
Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to attachment figure
Pre attachment
1st bowlby stage
1-3 months
Social smile
First real smile
2 months
Attachment in the making
2nd phase
4-7 months
Babies slightly prefer caregiver
Clear cut attachment
7 months to toddlerhood
Strange situation
Ainsworth
Planned separation
Temperaments
A persons characteristic in born style of dealing with the world
Autonomy
Erickson task 1-2
Understanding separate individuals
Self conscious
Age 2
Socialization
The process by when children are taught to obey the norms of society
