Exam 1 Flashcards
Cognitive psych is
Study of thought and thinking
Cognition
The mental process such as perception, attention, memory etc that the mind does
LTM divided into
Explicit(declarative) memory: facts and events
Implicit(procedural): unconscious memory of skills, movements of body
DONDERS: Earliest cog psychologist
Simple reaction time vs choice reaction time
Mental responses can me inferred
Ebinghaus
Self testing
Forgetting curve
Wundt
Structuralism: experience determined by sensations
Established first psych lab
Naive realism
Intuitions on the world
Often wrong
Analytic introspection
Trained participants to describe experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli
Gestalt psych
Look at mind and behavior as whole
Whole greater than sum of parts
Introspectionism
Reflect inwards
Inaccuracy
behaviorism
Anti cognitive
Study of prediction and control of behavior
No need for mind or cognition
Pavlov
Dogs
J. Watson
Classical conditioning: pairing one stimulus with another neutral stimulus changes response to neutral stimulus
Little Albert
BF Skinner
Operant conditioning: behavior is strengthened by inforcers
Pigeons
problems with Behaviorism
Cannot account for effects of memory
Doesn’t account for complex behavior
Tolman
Reemergence of the mind
Cognitive maps
Latent learning
Learning without reward
iP approach
An approach that traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition
- info comes from various channels
- info routed to different processors
- info can be accessed at a later time
Structural models
Represents a physical structure
Cherry
Attended vs unattended messages
Cognitive neuroscience
The study of the physiological basis of cognition
Neurons
Building blocks for nervous system
Neuron doctrine
Idea that cells transmit signals in nervous system
dentrite
Receives signals, branch out of cell body
Axon
Nerve long fiber
Transmits electrical signals
Can be mynated (fat tissue) to speed up process
Terminal buttons
Dispenses neurotransmitters across synapse
Soma is
Semi permeable
Ions can flow across ion channels
Ion channels triggered by neuro transmitters maintained by sodium potassium pump
At rest
More K+ inside More Na+ outside More negative at rest -70mv Polarized
Depolarization
Excited
Hyper polarization
Inhibited
More negative
Graded response
Amplitude equal to intensity of signal
Threshold
Minimum level of depolarization before action potential
-65
Truethreshold
Action potential
Origates from axon hillock -65 to 50 Travels down axon Lasts 1ms All or nothing More firing not stronger firing All neurons produce same strength
Specificity coding
Specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond to a specific stimulus
Population coding
Pattern of firing or large number of neurons
Distributed processing
Specific functions are processed by many different areas of the brain
Localization
Specific functions are served by specific areas
Cerebral cortex
Serves most cognitive functions Tissue covering brain Sulci valley Gyro ridges Fissures large furrow Longitudes= divides left and right Fissures divided brain into lobes
Lobes
Frontal: attention higher order cog functions
temporal: auditory
Occipital: vision
Pariental: touch
FFA
In temporal lobe
In tune with faces
-prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
Ex body area
In tune with body parts
Para hippocampal place area
Spatial layout
Brock’s and wreinkles areas
Language
B:difficulty speaking
W: incoherent speech
Sensation
Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs
Perception
Experiences resulting from stimulation of senses
Transduction
Conversion of energy to neural signals
Inverse projection problem
Determining the object responsible for a specific image on the retina
Direct perception theory
Bottom up
Parts are identified and put together then recognition occurs. Processing begins with the stimulation of receptors.
Constructive perception theory
Top down
Construct perceptions based on expectations
Dual process
Perception relies on both bottom up and too down
Periciving size
BU:the size of image on retina
Td: perceived distance, relevant to environment
mcgunk effect
Mix of visual and verbal signals
Hemhotltz
Theory of unconscious inference: we use prior knowledge effortlessly
We perceive the world in the way that it is most likely based on past
Gestalt perception
Rather than adding up perception, look at overall pattern, relationships
Perceptual organization
Law of good continuation
Apparent movement
Heuristic
Rule of thumb
Modern theory of perception
Regularity in environment
Oblique effect
Semantic regulaties are characteristics associated with functions of a scene
Bayeish inference
Use the idea of regularity and knowledge to guide inference
Math version of hemholtz
What where stems
Temporal lobe-ventral-what
Pariental-dorsal-where/how
Mirror neurons
Parietal lobe
Activate when instigating an action and observing the same actions
Attention
The ability to focus on specific stimulation locations
Limited in capacity and timing
Selective attention
Ability to focus on a message and ignore others
Dichroic listening
One message is presented to left ear and mother to the right
Participant shadows message to assure they are attending to message
Cherry
Dichroic listening and shadowing Participant could not reproduce other message -knew message existed -knew gender Unattended ear processed at some level Cocktail effect
Broadbents filter model
Messages-sensory memory-filter-attened message-detector-memory
Bottle neck
Problems include cocktail effect
Tresimans attention theory
A lot of attended message very little of unattended processed for meaning
Late filter
McKay, most incoming info is processed for meaning then the message to process is selected as
Processing capacity
Attention is finite
High low load
High load: early filter
Low load: late filter
Covert attention
Visual attention without moving the eyes
Overt attention
Bu- stimulus salience
Td scene scema
Sensory memory
Stage that holds all incoming
STM
Longer but still transitory
LTM
Hold large amounts of information for decades
Did get span
Miller 7+-2
Is it 4?
Auditory coding
Represents items in stm based on sound
Semantic coding
Representing items in terms of their meaning
Articulatory suppression
Verbalizing nonsrnse words
Chunking
Small units can me combined into larger meaningful units
Central executive
Where the major work of working memory occurs
