Midterm 2! Flashcards
Early childhood
The first phase of child hood, lasting from age 3-kindergarten or about 5
Middle childhood
The second phase of childhood, covering 6- 11 (elementary)
Frontal lobes
Front of Brain, reasoning and planning actions
Gross motor skills
Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements such as running and jumping
Fine motor skills
Physical abilities that involve small coordinated movements such as drawing and writing ones name
Childhood obesity
A bmi at above the 95 percentile compared to us norms established in the 1970s
Preoperational thinking
In piagets theory, 2-7, marked by inability to step back from ones immediate perceptions and think conceptually
Concrete operational thinking
Piaget,8-11, marked by ability to reason about the world in a logical way.
Conservation task
Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that the substance visually appears to understand the amount is the same, preop can’t complete
Reversibility
Piaget conservation task, the concrete operational child’s knowledge that a specific change in a way a given subject looks can be reversed
Centering
Piaget conservation tasks, the preoperational child’s tendency to fixate on the most visually striking feature of a substance a not take other dimensions into account
Seration
Ability to put objects in order, such a size
Class inclusion
The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements
Identity constancy
Piaget, preoperational child’s inability to grasp that a persons core self stays the same despite external changes
Artificialism
In piagets theory, the preoperational child’s belief that humans make everything in nature
Animism
Piaget, child’s belief that inanimate objects are alive
Egocentrism
Piaget, preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view than their own
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky, the gap between a child’s ability to solve a problem totally in his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person
Scaffolding
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child’s proximal zone of development and tailoring ones efforts to that persons competence level
Working memory
In information processing theory, the limited capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we keep in awareness at a single time
Executive functioning
Any frontal lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and plan our thinking
Rehearsal
A learning strategy n which people repeat info to embed it in memory
Selective attention
A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only what is relevenat and to filter out unneeeded information
ADHD
The most common child hood learning disorder in the us. Mostly boys, chacterized by excessive relentlessness and distractability at home or school
Inner speech
Vygotsky, the way by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master challenges by silently repeating info or talking to oneself
Mean length of utterance
Average number of morphemes per sentence
Overregulaization
A error when children apply rules for plurals and past tenses to exceptions
Overextensions
Apply label to broadly
Under extensions
Apply labels to narrowly
Theory of mind
Child’s first cognitive understanding, 4, that others beliefs and perspectives different than ones own
Emotional regulation
The capacity to manage ones own emotional state
Externalizing tendencies
Personality style, acting in impulses disruptive, aggressive
Internalizing tendencies
Personality style, fear, social inhibition, depression
Initiative vs guilt
Erik Erik sons term for preschool(3-6) task including actively taking in life tasks
Industry bs inferiority
6-puberty. Ericksons task involving managing our emotions and realizing that real world success involves hard work
Learned helplessness
A state that develops when a person feels incapable so stops trying
