Midterm 2! Flashcards
Early childhood
The first phase of child hood, lasting from age 3-kindergarten or about 5
Middle childhood
The second phase of childhood, covering 6- 11 (elementary)
Frontal lobes
Front of Brain, reasoning and planning actions
Gross motor skills
Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements such as running and jumping
Fine motor skills
Physical abilities that involve small coordinated movements such as drawing and writing ones name
Childhood obesity
A bmi at above the 95 percentile compared to us norms established in the 1970s
Preoperational thinking
In piagets theory, 2-7, marked by inability to step back from ones immediate perceptions and think conceptually
Concrete operational thinking
Piaget,8-11, marked by ability to reason about the world in a logical way.
Conservation task
Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that the substance visually appears to understand the amount is the same, preop can’t complete
Reversibility
Piaget conservation task, the concrete operational child’s knowledge that a specific change in a way a given subject looks can be reversed
Centering
Piaget conservation tasks, the preoperational child’s tendency to fixate on the most visually striking feature of a substance a not take other dimensions into account
Seration
Ability to put objects in order, such a size
Class inclusion
The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements
Identity constancy
Piaget, preoperational child’s inability to grasp that a persons core self stays the same despite external changes
Artificialism
In piagets theory, the preoperational child’s belief that humans make everything in nature
Animism
Piaget, child’s belief that inanimate objects are alive
Egocentrism
Piaget, preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view than their own
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky, the gap between a child’s ability to solve a problem totally in his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person
Scaffolding
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child’s proximal zone of development and tailoring ones efforts to that persons competence level
Working memory
In information processing theory, the limited capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we keep in awareness at a single time
Executive functioning
Any frontal lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and plan our thinking
Rehearsal
A learning strategy n which people repeat info to embed it in memory
Selective attention
A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only what is relevenat and to filter out unneeeded information
ADHD
The most common child hood learning disorder in the us. Mostly boys, chacterized by excessive relentlessness and distractability at home or school
Inner speech
Vygotsky, the way by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master challenges by silently repeating info or talking to oneself
Mean length of utterance
Average number of morphemes per sentence
Overregulaization
A error when children apply rules for plurals and past tenses to exceptions
Overextensions
Apply label to broadly
Under extensions
Apply labels to narrowly
Theory of mind
Child’s first cognitive understanding, 4, that others beliefs and perspectives different than ones own
Emotional regulation
The capacity to manage ones own emotional state
Externalizing tendencies
Personality style, acting in impulses disruptive, aggressive
Internalizing tendencies
Personality style, fear, social inhibition, depression
Initiative vs guilt
Erik Erik sons term for preschool(3-6) task including actively taking in life tasks
Industry bs inferiority
6-puberty. Ericksons task involving managing our emotions and realizing that real world success involves hard work
Learned helplessness
A state that develops when a person feels incapable so stops trying
Self awareness
The ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside perspective of reference and reflect on our inner state
Self esteem
Evaluating oneself as either a good or bad in comparison to others
Pro social behavior
Sharing helping and caring actions
Altruism
Pro social behavior carried out of selfless reasons
Empathy
Feeling the exact same emotion another is experiencing
Sympathy
Needed for Priscilla behavior , feeling upset for another person who needs help
Induction
The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, getting a child who has behaved hurt fully to emphasize
Shame
A feeling of being personally humiliated
Guilt
Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or violating an internal behavior standard
Aggression
Any hostile or destructive act
Instrumental aggression
To achieve a goal
Reactive aggression
In response to being frustrated or hurt
Relational aggression
Designed to harm a persons relationship
Hostile attributional bias
The tendency of highly aggressive children to achieve behaviors as having aggressive intent
Gender scheme theory
Once children know their gender they model own sex
Bully victims
Exceptionally aggressive children who bully and are victimized
Parenting styles
Baumrind, how parents align on two dimensions of child rearing, nurturance and discipline
Acculturation
Among immigrants, the tendency to become more similar to mainstream culture in new society
Corporal punishment
The use of physical force to discipline a child
WISC
The standard intelligence test used i childhood, verbal scale, performance scale and sub tests
Mentally retarded
Intellectual disability
Iq of 70 or below
Specific learning disability
The label for any impairment when score in intelligence test higher than achievement test
Achievement test
Measure that evaluate a child’s knowlefmdsge i a. Specific area
Dyslexicia
A learning disability, reading difficulty, poor word recognition
Gifted
Iq above 130
Top two percent
Reliability
Scores similar each time test is take.
Validity
The measure reflects Real world quality it was suppose to measure
Flynn effect
Remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on iq tests that has been occurring over past century
G
Spearmans term for general intelligence facts that underlie all cognitive activities
Analytic intelligence
Sternberg performing well in academic problems
Creative intelligence
Sternberg, intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work
Practical intelligence
Sternberg
How to act cimpentently in real world situations
Successful intelligence
Sternberg
Optimal form of all types of intelligences
Multiple intelligences theory
Gardener
8 types of intelligences
Verbal, math, interpersonal, intrapersonal,spatial, musical, kinestetic, naturalist
Puberty
The hormonal and physical changes by which children become sexually mature human beings
Puberty rite
Coming of age
Celebration of menstration
Secular trend in puberty
Century long decline in the age puberty hits
Menarche
A girls first menstration
Speemache
A boys first ejaculation
Adrenal androgens
Hormones produced by adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, body hair, skin changes
Hpg axis
The main hormonal system programming puberty
Testosterone
Maturation of ogans in men, sex drive in both sexes
Eating disorder
Obsession with getting and staying thin
Bullimia
Biweekly binging and purging
Storm and stress
Stanley halls phrase for intense moodiness m, risk taking and emotional sensitivity in adolescence
Formal operational stage
Piaget
12+
Abstract thought
Preconventional morality
Kohlberg, considering punishments or rewards
Conventional morality
Kihlberg
Considering need to uphold social norms
Postconventional morality
Kohlberg
Own moral guide
Adolescent egocentrism
Elking term for tendency of teenagers to feel that or act as they are the center of everyone else’s consciousness
Personal fable
Elkind
Belief that own life is special or heroic
Experience sample of technique
A research procedure designed to capture moment to moment experiences
Adolescent limited turmoil
Antisocial behavior that for most teens doesn’t reach adult hood
Life case difficulties
Antisocial behavior they persists into adult life
Deviancy training
Socialization of young teenager into deliquincy through conversations centered on performing antisocial tasks
Gang
Close knit delinquent group
