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Psyyy > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental imagery

A

Visualization on information including other senses and things you haven’t experienced

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2
Q

Imageless thought debate

A

Does thought exist independent of imagery

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3
Q

Conceptual peg hypothesis

A

Pavio
Boat hat vs truth justice
Imagery creates ability to hang on info

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4
Q

Mental scanning

A

Create mental images then scan in mind
Treat images like we treat physical things
Kosslyn

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5
Q

Spatial representation

A

Accompanies real mechanism

Epiphenomenon

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6
Q

Propositional representation

A

Abstract symbols can represent relationships
Equations
Statement

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7
Q

Depective representation

A

Realistic pictures

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8
Q

Tacit knowledge

A

Individuals use real world knowledge to unconsciously affect behavior

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9
Q

Size in visual field if spatial, representation should be very similar to how we look

A

Real things

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10
Q

Mental walk task

A

Asked to imagine walking and see how far away until animal overflows visual field

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11
Q

Imagery neurons

A

Respond to specific items when seeing and imagining

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12
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Decreases brain activity in a specific located area

Behavior disrupted

Kosslyn
Tms visual cortex
Slowed perception and visualation

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13
Q

Removing part of visual cortex decreases

A

Image size

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14
Q

Unilateral neglect

A

Patient ignores objects in 1/2 of visual field

Damage to parietal lobes

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15
Q

Imagery and perception are separate but may have same mechanisms

A

Perception: automatic, bottom up
Imagery: effortful, top down

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16
Q

Method of loci

A

Things placed in spatial layout to help remember

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17
Q

Pegword technique

A

Associating items with words

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18
Q

Mental stimulation

A

Operation mentally represented/imagines

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19
Q

Rule based approach

A

Applies rule

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20
Q

Language

A

System of communicating using sounds or symbols

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21
Q

All humans have language

A

Developmental trajectory similar for all cultures

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22
Q

Skinner

A

Language learned through reinforcements

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23
Q

Chomsky

A

Language is innate, children produce sentences they have never heard before

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24
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

Psychological study of how humans acquire and process language

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25
Q

Lexicon

A

All words a person knows

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26
Q

Phoneme

A

Shortest segments of speech that if changed changes meaning of word

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27
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest part of speech that has meaning
Truck vs bedroom
S
Ed

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28
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

Perceptual system fills in for missing phonemes based on context

Top down

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29
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Using individual words

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30
Q

Statistical learning

A

Higher likelihood that certain phoneme follows others to make valid word

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31
Q

Word superiority effect

A

Letters are recognized faster when in a word than when alone

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32
Q

Word frequency effect

A

More common words recognized and understood faster

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33
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

Words can have multiple meanings usually resolved through context, some evidence shows multiple meanings active until resolved through context

Meaning dominances : biased vs balanced

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34
Q

Understanding sentences

A

Words not often alone
Combinations to provide more complex communication

Semantics: meaning
Syntax: rules

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35
Q

Brock’s aphasia

A

Can’t produce

Slow labored speech

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36
Q

Wrinkles aphasia

A

Fluid but makes no sense

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37
Q

Parsing

A

Grouping of words into phrases

38
Q

Temporary ambiguity

A

Initial words of sentence can lead to more than one meaning

39
Q

Garden path sentence

A

Misleading

Keep active a meaning that turns out to be wrong

40
Q

Syntax first approach

A

Use structure of sentence to guide parsing

Semantics second

41
Q

Late closure

A

New words are added to current phrase as long as possible

42
Q

Intersectionalist approach

A

Concurrent influence of semantics and syntax

43
Q

Derive semantic meaning from

A

Environment

44
Q

Inferencing

A

Determining what the text means by using our knowledge to go beyond the information provided by the text

45
Q

Coherence

A

Presentation of text in a persons mind so that the info in one part of text is related to info in another part

46
Q

Anaphoric inference

A

Connecting object or person in one sentence to another

47
Q

Instrument inferences

A

Inferences about tools or methods

48
Q

Casual inferences

A

Causation and change

49
Q

Situation model

A

Mental representation of what a text is about, imagining what we read

50
Q

Point of language

A

To communicate

51
Q

Given new contract

A

Communication most effective when it can be connected to existing knowledge

52
Q

Syntactic communication

A

Mirror person you are communicating with

53
Q

Syntax priming

A

Mirroring sentence structure

54
Q

Sapir word hypothesis

A

Structure of language influences thought

55
Q

Analogy

A

Use previous similar instances to guide problem solving

56
Q

Analogical problem solving

A

Transfer info from source problem to target problem

57
Q

Using analogies

A

Noticing mapping applying

Need high match of structural scale

Surface features superficially different

58
Q

Structural features

A

Underlying principle that governs a solution

59
Q

Analogical encoding

A

Comparing examples to emphasize structural similarities

60
Q

Analogical paradox

A

In lab people fixate on surface features

In real life focus on deep features

61
Q

Experts

A

Well developed knowledge bases

Organize different

Look before they leap

Field specific

62
Q

Creativity

A

Divergent thinking: open ended
Convergent thinking: solution oriented
Design fixation

Latent inhibition: familiar stimulus takes longer to be conditioned than new stimulus

63
Q

Creative cognition

A

Reinventive forms

64
Q

Reasoning

A

Drawing conclusions using available information

Rarely know all parameters

65
Q

Deductive

A

Deducing info based on a set of statements (syllogisms)

66
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Induce conclusions based on probabable outcomes

67
Q

Premises

A

Two statements in s deductive argument

68
Q

Conclusion

A

3rd statement reflecting premises

69
Q

Categorical sllyogusms

A

Induce all or none

70
Q

Validity

A

Conclusion follow logically from premises

71
Q

Truth

A

Context of premises based on factors

72
Q

Belief bias

A

The tendency to think that syllogisms are valid if the conclusions are believable

73
Q

Mental model approach

A

A representation in mind to help determine validity

Create model of situation
Generate tentative conclusions
Look for exceptions
Determine validity

74
Q

Conditional syllogisms

A

If p-antecedent

The q- consequent

75
Q

Logical

A

Affirming antecedent

Denying concequent

76
Q

Iilogical

A

Affirming consequent

Denying antecedent

77
Q

Pragmatic reasoning schemes

A

Consistent with real life

78
Q

Social exchange

A

Built in cheater detectors

79
Q

Inductive …

A

Outcomes inferred from premises
Does not consider validity
Considers strength

Someways
Representiveness
Number of observations
Quality of evidence

80
Q

Using inductive reasoning

A

Scientific claims
Hypothesis test
Make everyday predictions based on past
Heuristic as shortcut

81
Q

Availability heuristic

A

More easily remembered events judged to be more probable

82
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Think correlation but in reality not

Stereo types

83
Q

Representiveness heuristic

A

How much a resembles b

Neglect base rate

84
Q

Confirmation bias

A

We prefer info that is consistent with our world view

Disregard contracting info

85
Q

Halo effect

A

Unrelated attributes affect decisions

86
Q

Expected utlility theory

A

People are rational and make decisions based on how likely they are to help reach goal

People don’t think like thinks

87
Q

Expected emotions

A

Emotions people predict they will feel

Overestimated

88
Q

Integral immediate emotion

A

Associated with decision making

89
Q

Incidental immediate emotions

A

Unrelated to decisions

90
Q

Framing effects

A

How a problem is presented can change our tolerance for risk
Gains: risk aversion
Loss: risk taking

91
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Planning
Reasoning
Preservation

92
Q

Anterior insula

A

Activated under emotion contexts

Unfair offers in ultimatum game

Psyyy (10 decks)

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