Exam 2 Flashcards
LTM
Archive of information
20 seconds to as far back as you can remember
Murdoch serial position curve
Memory is better for words at beginning and end
- primacy effect: rehearsal
- recency effect: still in stm
STM vs LTM
STM- modality specific
LTM- semantic
H.m
Hippocampus removed for seizures
Can’t form new LTMs
Explicit memory
Declarative/conscious
- episodic: personal events
- semantic: facts knowledge abstract
Implicit memory
Nomconcious
- priming: a change in response to a stimulus caused by previous presentation
- Procedural: skill memory
- Conditioning: classical conditioning
Evidence for distinction between types on memories
Italian woman with no semantic but explicit
Semantic memory can be enhanced by
Episodic
Autobiographical memory personal semantic memory
Semantic memory can influence
Attention and thus influence episodic
Encoding
Coding info into LTM
Maintance Rehearsal
Repeating info to keep active in stm/wm
Not useful for getting into LTM
Elaborative rehearsal:
Elaborate or make connections between new things and something you know
More efficient getting into LTM
Levels of processing
More elaboration = better recall
Deep vs shallow
Shallow processing
Involves little attention to meaning
Deep processing
Involves close attention , focus on an items meaning and relating it to something else
Craig and Tulving
Participants asked to remember words Capital Rhyme Fit sentence 1 of 3 as Later asked to recall word
Problems with deep processing
What does deep mean?
More depth = better memory
Can’t separate depth of processing from memory performance
Overly simplistic: dif in coding will impact retrieval
Strategies of encoding
- placing word in complex sentence
- imagery (paired associative learning)
- self reference
- generation effect king cr__
- organization
- testing
Changes in retrieval…
Also impact recall
Retrieval cues…
- cues help us remember
- free recall vs cued recall
- definition vs multiple choice
Self generated cues
Cues are most effective when generated by you
External cues
Encoding specificity: matching environmental cues at time of encoding and retrieval
Braddleys diner experiment
Transfer appropriate processing
Task at encoding and retrieval match
Internal retrieval cues
State dependent learning , match internal state
Long term potentiation
Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation as a result of structural changes of synapse
Hebb
Suggested that there are physical changes in synapse through experience
Medial temporal lobe
Critical for consolidating memories
Amygdala
Emotional memories
Hippocampus
- is related to systems level consolidation
- more activations when memories are being formed
- Eventually hippocampus becomes less relevant
- Multiple trace hypothesis: hippocampus is important for recent and remote memories
Remote memories
Memories for events from long agonizing
Synaptic consolidation
Occurs rapidly, structural changes
Systems consolidation
Involves gradual reorganization of circuits in brain and takes a long time
Reactivation
Hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with memory
What events are remembered in a persons life
Significant events
Highly emotional events
Transition points
Reminiscence Bump
Participants have higher memory for recent events and those occurred between 10-30
Explanations for reminiscence bump
- Self image hypothesis: period of assuming self image
- cognitive hypothesis: encoding is better during rapid change period, stabilizes later
- Cultural life script hypothesis: when it is expected you have major life changes
Memory of emotional events
Strongest memories tied to emotions often
Enhanced activation of amygdala
Autobiographical memories
Recollected events in persons life
Like episodic
Include aspects of semantic knowledge sensory
Flashbulb memories
Heavy emotional content
Vivid, more accurate?
Participants are more confident in these memories
Actually no different from normal memories
More consistent
Cues help trigger more accurate recall
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
We remember some life events better because we rehearse them
Barrett’s war of ghosts
Recall culturally sensitive
Source monitoring
Determining where we get our memories from
Cyptomnesia
Unconscious plagerism
Pragmatic inference
When reading a sentence leads person to expect something that isn’t stated
Schemas
Knowledge about how things work normally
Script
Instructions for life and how things progress
False memory
Prior knowledge used to artificially construct an experience of seeing word that is semantically related
Pluses minuses
+ creativity
- errors and misatributations
Misinformation effect
Misleading post event info impairs or replaces memories formed during original event
Retroactive interference
Occurs when recent learning interferes with memory of something that happened in the past
Reverse testing effect
Immediate cued recall test increases sensitivity to misinformation
Concepts
Mental representations of info
Category
Groups of concepts
Definitional approach
Start with a definition of a category
Family resemblance
Insta was of strict def. , focus on ways category members resemble each other
Average vs ideal example
Prototype approach
Typical example
Various members vary in prototypicality
Higher prototypicality rating=faster performance
Exemplar approach
Ideal member
based on experience
Tied to specific instance
Accomadates atypicality
Use both
First prototypicality
Next exemplar
Hierarchical organization
Rosch approach
Global, basic, specific,
Quicker to identify basic level
Basic level common in adult speak
Knowledge and categories
Prior knowledge can affect how you use a category
Semantic network models of memory
Capture semantic relations between items
Nodes-concepts
Link nodes together into network
Spreading activation
Energy from activation spreads to connected nodes
Hierarchical models
Greater distance between items, longer it takes to connect them
Lexical decision task
Decide whether a string of letters are words or not
Doesn’t explain typicality effect
Rise of connectionism
Parallel distributed processing
Inputs: stimulation from environment
Hidden units: from input to out put
Output units : from hidden to environment
Connection weights
Determinine how signals are sent from one unit to increase or decrease activity of the next
Back propagation
Error signal flies back through network to correct weights to matchcorrected signal
Graceful degration
Disruption occurs gradually if systems damaged
Learning can be generalized
