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Psyyy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

LTM

A

Archive of information

20 seconds to as far back as you can remember

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2
Q

Murdoch serial position curve

A

Memory is better for words at beginning and end

  • primacy effect: rehearsal
  • recency effect: still in stm
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3
Q

STM vs LTM

A

STM- modality specific

LTM- semantic

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4
Q

H.m

A

Hippocampus removed for seizures

Can’t form new LTMs

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5
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative/conscious

  • episodic: personal events
  • semantic: facts knowledge abstract
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6
Q

Implicit memory

A

Nomconcious

  • priming: a change in response to a stimulus caused by previous presentation
  • Procedural: skill memory
  • Conditioning: classical conditioning
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7
Q

Evidence for distinction between types on memories

A

Italian woman with no semantic but explicit

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8
Q

Semantic memory can be enhanced by

A

Episodic

Autobiographical memory personal semantic memory

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9
Q

Semantic memory can influence

A

Attention and thus influence episodic

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10
Q

Encoding

A

Coding info into LTM

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11
Q

Maintance Rehearsal

A

Repeating info to keep active in stm/wm

Not useful for getting into LTM

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12
Q

Elaborative rehearsal:

A

Elaborate or make connections between new things and something you know

More efficient getting into LTM

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13
Q

Levels of processing

A

More elaboration = better recall

Deep vs shallow

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14
Q

Shallow processing

A

Involves little attention to meaning

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15
Q

Deep processing

A

Involves close attention , focus on an items meaning and relating it to something else

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16
Q

Craig and Tulving

A 
Participants asked to remember words
Capital
Rhyme
Fit sentence 
1 of 3 as
Later asked to recall word
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17
Q

Problems with deep processing

A

What does deep mean?
More depth = better memory
Can’t separate depth of processing from memory performance
Overly simplistic: dif in coding will impact retrieval

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18
Q

Strategies of encoding

A
  • placing word in complex sentence
  • imagery (paired associative learning)
  • self reference
  • generation effect king cr__
  • organization
  • testing
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19
Q

Changes in retrieval…

A

Also impact recall

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20
Q

Retrieval cues…

A
  • cues help us remember
  • free recall vs cued recall
  • definition vs multiple choice
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21
Q

Self generated cues

A

Cues are most effective when generated by you

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22
Q

External cues

A

Encoding specificity: matching environmental cues at time of encoding and retrieval

Braddleys diner experiment

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23
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A

Task at encoding and retrieval match

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24
Q

Internal retrieval cues

A

State dependent learning , match internal state

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25
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation as a result of structural changes of synapse

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26
Q

Hebb

A

Suggested that there are physical changes in synapse through experience

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27
Q

Medial temporal lobe

A

Critical for consolidating memories

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28
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional memories

29
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • is related to systems level consolidation
  • more activations when memories are being formed
  • Eventually hippocampus becomes less relevant
  • Multiple trace hypothesis: hippocampus is important for recent and remote memories
30
Q

Remote memories

A

Memories for events from long agonizing

31
Q

Synaptic consolidation

A

Occurs rapidly, structural changes

32
Q

Systems consolidation

A

Involves gradual reorganization of circuits in brain and takes a long time

33
Q

Reactivation

A

Hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with memory

34
Q

What events are remembered in a persons life

A

Significant events
Highly emotional events
Transition points

35
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

Participants have higher memory for recent events and those occurred between 10-30

36
Q

Explanations for reminiscence bump

A
  • Self image hypothesis: period of assuming self image
  • cognitive hypothesis: encoding is better during rapid change period, stabilizes later
  • Cultural life script hypothesis: when it is expected you have major life changes
37
Q

Memory of emotional events

A

Strongest memories tied to emotions often

Enhanced activation of amygdala

38
Q

Autobiographical memories

A

Recollected events in persons life
Like episodic
Include aspects of semantic knowledge sensory

39
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Heavy emotional content
Vivid, more accurate?
Participants are more confident in these memories
Actually no different from normal memories
More consistent
Cues help trigger more accurate recall

40
Q

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

A

We remember some life events better because we rehearse them

41
Q

Barrett’s war of ghosts

A

Recall culturally sensitive

42
Q

Source monitoring

A

Determining where we get our memories from

43
Q

Cyptomnesia

A

Unconscious plagerism

44
Q

Pragmatic inference

A

When reading a sentence leads person to expect something that isn’t stated

45
Q

Schemas

A

Knowledge about how things work normally

46
Q

Script

A

Instructions for life and how things progress

47
Q

False memory

A

Prior knowledge used to artificially construct an experience of seeing word that is semantically related

48
Q

Pluses minuses

A

+ creativity

- errors and misatributations

49
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Misleading post event info impairs or replaces memories formed during original event

50
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Occurs when recent learning interferes with memory of something that happened in the past

51
Q

Reverse testing effect

A

Immediate cued recall test increases sensitivity to misinformation

52
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of info

53
Q

Category

A

Groups of concepts

54
Q

Definitional approach

A

Start with a definition of a category

55
Q

Family resemblance

A

Insta was of strict def. , focus on ways category members resemble each other

Average vs ideal example

56
Q

Prototype approach

A

Typical example
Various members vary in prototypicality
Higher prototypicality rating=faster performance

57
Q

Exemplar approach

A

Ideal member
based on experience
Tied to specific instance
Accomadates atypicality

58
Q

Use both

A

First prototypicality

Next exemplar

59
Q

Hierarchical organization

A

Rosch approach
Global, basic, specific,
Quicker to identify basic level
Basic level common in adult speak

60
Q

Knowledge and categories

A

Prior knowledge can affect how you use a category

61
Q

Semantic network models of memory

A

Capture semantic relations between items
Nodes-concepts
Link nodes together into network

62
Q

Spreading activation

A

Energy from activation spreads to connected nodes

63
Q

Hierarchical models

A

Greater distance between items, longer it takes to connect them

64
Q

Lexical decision task

A

Decide whether a string of letters are words or not

Doesn’t explain typicality effect

65
Q

Rise of connectionism

A

Parallel distributed processing
Inputs: stimulation from environment
Hidden units: from input to out put
Output units : from hidden to environment

66
Q

Connection weights

A

Determinine how signals are sent from one unit to increase or decrease activity of the next

67
Q

Back propagation

A

Error signal flies back through network to correct weights to matchcorrected signal

68
Q

Graceful degration

A

Disruption occurs gradually if systems damaged

Learning can be generalized

Psyyy (10 decks)

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