301 2 Flashcards
Correlation
A statistical association between variables
Correlational research
Involves examining potential associations between naturally occurring by measuring variables and determining if they are statistically related
Positive correlation
Higher scores/levels of one variable lead to higher scores of another variable
Negative correlation
Higher scores of one lead to lower scores of another
Pearsons r
A statistic that measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables on interval or ratio scale
Spearmans cho
Used to measure relationship when variables are on ordinal scale (ranks)
Scatter plot
A graph in which data points portray intersection of x and y values
Bidirectionality problem
Ambiguity about if x causes or y causes x
Third variable problem
A third variable may be the reason x and ybappear to be related
Partial correlation
A correlation between x and y is computed while statistically controlling 3rd variable
Cross sectional research design
Each person participated on one occasion and all variables are measured at the same time
Prospective design
Variable x is measured at a an earlier point than y
Regression anysis
Explores the quantitative linear relationship between two variables
Criterion variable
Variable we are trying to predict
Predictor variable
A alvariable who’s scores are used to predict the criterion
Multiple regression
Explores the linear relation between one variable and a set of two or more other variables
Range restriction
Occurs when the range of scores obtained for a variable has been artificially limited in some way
Cas study
In depth analysis of individual or phenomena
Qualitative case study
Examines in real life context
Quantitative case study
Relies on numerical assessments
Intrinsic case study
Some inherent interest
Instrumental case study
An example of a broader phenomenon
Collective case study
Each of several cases is studied for info of a broader phenomenon
Single case study
One case
Multiple case design
Two or more
Semi structured interview
The researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed but still flexible
Focus group
A moderator leads a group of people through an interview and discussion of a set of topics
Observer bias
Occurs when a researcher has expectations that distort observations
Observational research
Encompasses different types of non expiremntal studies in which behavior is systematically watched and recorded
Naturalistic observation
Researchers passively observe a behavior in a natural setting
Participant observation:
: the observer becomes part of the group being studied
Enthnography
A qualitative research approach that often combines participant observation and interviews
Structured observation
A researcher fully or partly configured setting
Behavioral coding systems
Involve classifying participants responses into mutually exclusive catergories
Observer ranking scales
Used to evaluate participants behavior
Diary
Participants record their behavior
Interonserver reliability
Represents the degree to which independent observer show agreement in their observations
Focal sampling
Used to select a particular member who will be observed at a given time
Scan sampling
At preselected times the observer rapidly scans each member of a group so that the entire groups observed within a relatively short period
Situation sampling
Used to establish diverse settings
Time sampling
Select representative time periods in whichonservations will occur
Blind observation
Observers unaware of hypotheses
Reactivity
Occurs when the process of observing causes behavior to change
Habituation
A decrease in strength of response overtime
Unobtrusive measure
Asses behavior without making people aware the behavior is being measured
Physical trace measures
Unobtrusive, look at traces left behind
Survey
Used questionnaires and interviews to gather info about people
Representative sample
Reflects the important characteristics of population
Social desirability bias
A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate
Probability sampling
Each member of a population has a chance of being selected to sample
Simple random sampling
Every member of sampling frame has an equal prob of being chosen
Stratified random sampling
A sampling frame which it is divided to group and in each group random sampling
Cluster sampling
Units that containmemebers selected then units random sampled
Single stage cluster sampling
All participants in clusters chosen to participate
Quota sampling
Sample non random
Self selection
Participants place self in study
Sampling variability
Chance fluctuations in sample
Margin of sampling error
A range of values within which the true population is assumed to reside
Confidence level
Degree of confidence that a true population resides in the margin of error
Leading q
Unbalanced/ suggestive
Loaded q
Emotionally charged
Double barreled q
Items that ask about two issues in one question
Context effects
Response influenced by items before it
Non response bias
Occurs when people who were selected but did not participate would have provided diff answers
Construct validity
Do experimental operations capture what’s intended
Internal validity
Confident that I can make casual inferences
Mundane realism
Surface validity
