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Psyyy > 301 2 > Flashcards

301 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical association between variables

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2
Q

Correlational research

A

Involves examining potential associations between naturally occurring by measuring variables and determining if they are statistically related

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3
Q

Positive correlation

A

Higher scores/levels of one variable lead to higher scores of another variable

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4
Q

Negative correlation

A

Higher scores of one lead to lower scores of another

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5
Q

Pearsons r

A

A statistic that measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables on interval or ratio scale

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6
Q

Spearmans cho

A

Used to measure relationship when variables are on ordinal scale (ranks)

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7
Q

Scatter plot

A

A graph in which data points portray intersection of x and y values

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8
Q

Bidirectionality problem

A

Ambiguity about if x causes or y causes x

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9
Q

Third variable problem

A

A third variable may be the reason x and ybappear to be related

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10
Q

Partial correlation

A

A correlation between x and y is computed while statistically controlling 3rd variable

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11
Q

Cross sectional research design

A

Each person participated on one occasion and all variables are measured at the same time

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12
Q

Prospective design

A

Variable x is measured at a an earlier point than y

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13
Q

Regression anysis

A

Explores the quantitative linear relationship between two variables

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14
Q

Criterion variable

A

Variable we are trying to predict

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15
Q

Predictor variable

A

A alvariable who’s scores are used to predict the criterion

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16
Q

Multiple regression

A

Explores the linear relation between one variable and a set of two or more other variables

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17
Q

Range restriction

A

Occurs when the range of scores obtained for a variable has been artificially limited in some way

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18
Q

Cas study

A

In depth analysis of individual or phenomena

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19
Q

Qualitative case study

A

Examines in real life context

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20
Q

Quantitative case study

A

Relies on numerical assessments

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21
Q

Intrinsic case study

A

Some inherent interest

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22
Q

Instrumental case study

A

An example of a broader phenomenon

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23
Q

Collective case study

A

Each of several cases is studied for info of a broader phenomenon

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24
Q

Single case study

A

One case

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25
Q

Multiple case design

A

Two or more

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26
Q

Semi structured interview

A

The researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed but still flexible

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27
Q

Focus group

A

A moderator leads a group of people through an interview and discussion of a set of topics

28
Q

Observer bias

A

Occurs when a researcher has expectations that distort observations

29
Q

Observational research

A

Encompasses different types of non expiremntal studies in which behavior is systematically watched and recorded

30
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Researchers passively observe a behavior in a natural setting

31
Q

Participant observation:

A

: the observer becomes part of the group being studied

32
Q

Enthnography

A

A qualitative research approach that often combines participant observation and interviews

33
Q

Structured observation

A

A researcher fully or partly configured setting

34
Q

Behavioral coding systems

A

Involve classifying participants responses into mutually exclusive catergories

35
Q

Observer ranking scales

A

Used to evaluate participants behavior

36
Q

Diary

A

Participants record their behavior

37
Q

Interonserver reliability

A

Represents the degree to which independent observer show agreement in their observations

38
Q

Focal sampling

A

Used to select a particular member who will be observed at a given time

39
Q

Scan sampling

A

At preselected times the observer rapidly scans each member of a group so that the entire groups observed within a relatively short period

40
Q

Situation sampling

A

Used to establish diverse settings

41
Q

Time sampling

A

Select representative time periods in whichonservations will occur

42
Q

Blind observation

A

Observers unaware of hypotheses

43
Q

Reactivity

A

Occurs when the process of observing causes behavior to change

44
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in strength of response overtime

45
Q

Unobtrusive measure

A

Asses behavior without making people aware the behavior is being measured

46
Q

Physical trace measures

A

Unobtrusive, look at traces left behind

47
Q

Survey

A

Used questionnaires and interviews to gather info about people

48
Q

Representative sample

A

Reflects the important characteristics of population

49
Q

Social desirability bias

A

A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate

50
Q

Probability sampling

A

Each member of a population has a chance of being selected to sample

51
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Every member of sampling frame has an equal prob of being chosen

52
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

A sampling frame which it is divided to group and in each group random sampling

53
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Units that containmemebers selected then units random sampled

54
Q

Single stage cluster sampling

A

All participants in clusters chosen to participate

55
Q

Quota sampling

A

Sample non random

56
Q

Self selection

A

Participants place self in study

57
Q

Sampling variability

A

Chance fluctuations in sample

58
Q

Margin of sampling error

A

A range of values within which the true population is assumed to reside

59
Q

Confidence level

A

Degree of confidence that a true population resides in the margin of error

60
Q

Leading q

A

Unbalanced/ suggestive

61
Q

Loaded q

A

Emotionally charged

62
Q

Double barreled q

A

Items that ask about two issues in one question

63
Q

Context effects

A

Response influenced by items before it

64
Q

Non response bias

A

Occurs when people who were selected but did not participate would have provided diff answers

65
Q

Construct validity

A

Do experimental operations capture what’s intended

66
Q

Internal validity

A

Confident that I can make casual inferences

67
Q

Mundane realism

A

Surface validity

Psyyy (10 decks)

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