301 1 Flashcards
Why do research
The need to explain behavior
Why do we need to explain
Liability
Prevent future occurrences
Understand human condidition
Different way of obtaining knowledge
Peirces ways of knowing Tenacity Authority Reason Empiricism
Tenacity
Accept knowledge just because you are familiar with it, don’t question it and hold on
Shut off other info
Blind devotion
Authority
Accept knowledge because authority figure told you
Reason
Rely on logic and rationality
Reason alone won’t produce the truth
Empricim
Acquiring knowledge through observation and experience
Observation bias
What is science
A systematic way to
Control and interpret empirical evidence
Reason with evidence and form conclusions. Asked on this evidence
It’s a process not a thing
Importance of science
Science is a process that lets us answer questions
Gives us appropriate ways to approach them so we can have confidence in our answers
Understanding research helps us be better consumers of data
Characteristics of science
-objective
No personal opinion
Clearly define what and how
Operational definition
-involves assumptions
That a cause does exist and is knowable
-empirical
Based on the gathering of measurable observation
-replicable and verifiable
-public
-tentative
Can changeWhat does appropriate science do?
Science enables us to organize and gather information from our inviting meme to do several things Describe Explanation Prediction Control Hypothesis
Description
First step in science
Systematically describe what’s happening
May not know why a situation is the case
Explanation
Explain why something has or did happen
We got to an explanation by theory and hypothesis
What is the cause?
Hypothesis
A prediction or statement about the outcome of an empirical investigation
Can be directional(a will be better than b$ or non directional(a will be different than b)
Focuses research
Falsifiable
Prediction
If we can explain behavior and our hypothesis is generalizable we can apply that knowledge to other instances
Control
Application of science to real world
We can control behavior
Science in the real world
Powerful tool
Culture and research
Not many are high in science literacy
Misunderstand results or process
Certain groups dismiss findings
Be a skeptic
Ethics
Ethics represent a system of moral principles and standards
Nazi war crimes
Tried in Nuremberg Unethical human experiments Mass killings Sterlization Exposure to chemicals and disease
Tuskegee
1932 Georgia
Investigate effects of syohillis
Poor uneducated blacks
Persuaded with food
Fabrication
Making up results
Hauser monkey cognition
Falsification
Changing omitting or manipulating data
Stapel garfitti/litter
Plagerism
Misappropriation of another’s ideas, opinions, etc without credit
Belmont report 1979
Respect for persons
Beneficiance
Justice
Gueidelines:
Consent
Asses risks and benefits
Select participants in just ways
Common rule 2009
United States federal policy that specifies ethics regulations for human subjects
APA principles
Beneficence Fidelity Integrity Justice Respect for people's
Benificiance and non maleficiance
Work should benefit while not harming
Fidelity
Be professional
Consent
Integrity
Honesty
Justice
All actions have repercussions
Respect for people’s
Treated well
No bias
IRB
Review proposals
No direct interest
Asses costs and benefits
Exempt and expididted review= minimal risks
Types of harm
Physical
Psychological
Social harm, loss of privacy, ability or confidentiality
Economic or legal harm
Minimal risk
Magnitude of harm not greater than ordinary
Informed consent
Purpose Risks Alternative procedures Confidentiality Incentives Contact info Voluntary Free to stop
Deception
Actively mislead or withhold
Active deception
Misinform participants about study
False statements about researcher or equipment
Passive deception
Concealed observers
Vague descriptions
Internet research
Anonymity and less pressure to continue
Les sinformed consent debriefing
Iacuc
Animal subjects must be treated ethically
Operational definition
Working understanding of what we are measuring
Mediator/moderator
Part of casual chain
Modified casual effect
Scales of measurement
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
Nominal scale
Name that describes an aspect of the subject
Category or group that the researcher assigned a subject to
Does not have a quantitative aspect
Ordinal scale
Set of categories that are organized into a sequence
Gives you directional or relational info
Does not give you magnitude of difference betweeen categories
Interval scale
Ordered set of catergories
No zero point
Difference between categories the same size
Ratio scale
Order set of catergories with a zero point
Reliability
Given the same conditions the score on a given measure would. E identical
Just because it is reliable does not mean it is useful Not all or nothing Test restest Split half reliability Inter eater releibiliry
Validity
Does the measure relate to what it is suppose to measure
Internal: focused on quality of investigation
External: can it generalize
Construct validity
Degree to which sit measures whatvit is suppose to
Content validity
Have the right material to measure something
Criterion validity
Does your measure relate to other criterion measures
Predictive validity
Does it allow us to predict
Convergent divergent validity
Do they or do they not have a relation ship
Confirmation bias
Selectively gather info based on what we believe
Variable
Any factor or attribute that can assume more than one valued
Theory
Set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related
Distal cause
Remote causes
Proximal causes
Immediate
Control
Having influence over research settings and procedures and over the application of scientific knowledge
Empirical question
One that can be tested through observation
Falsifiability
A criterion for judging test ability
Basic research
Examines fundamental nature of phenomena
Applied research
Directly focuses on solving or evaluating a specific real world problem
Anecdotal evidence
Brief stories
After you collect data
Describe it
Use for inferences
Central tendency
Most common or most representative
Shape of distribution of scores
How scores are dispersed, more high or low
Covarriability of scores
How do scores change
Descriptive stats
Puts what we see to numbers
Summarize organize and simplify data
Kintosis
Peaks
Lepto
Thin
No range
Proty
Flat
No center
Covariability
r
-1 to 1
Nuremberg code
A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiments to be permissible
Asset
Even tho a person might not be able to comprehend details they display desire to participate
Confederate
Anaccompliamce of the investigator trained to act
Contamination
Future participants learn objectives
Three rs
Reduction
Refinement
Replacement
Hypothecate constructs
Underlying charcterixctics that are not directly observed
