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Psyyy > 301 1 > Flashcards

301 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do research

A

The need to explain behavior

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2
Q

Why do we need to explain

A

Liability
Prevent future occurrences
Understand human condidition

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3
Q

Different way of obtaining knowledge

A 
Peirces ways of knowing
Tenacity
Authority 
Reason
Empiricism
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4
Q

Tenacity

A

Accept knowledge just because you are familiar with it, don’t question it and hold on

Shut off other info

Blind devotion

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5
Q

Authority

A

Accept knowledge because authority figure told you

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6
Q

Reason

A

Rely on logic and rationality

Reason alone won’t produce the truth

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7
Q

Empricim

A

Acquiring knowledge through observation and experience

Observation bias

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8
Q

What is science

A

A systematic way to
Control and interpret empirical evidence
Reason with evidence and form conclusions. Asked on this evidence
It’s a process not a thing

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9
Q

Importance of science

A

Science is a process that lets us answer questions
Gives us appropriate ways to approach them so we can have confidence in our answers
Understanding research helps us be better consumers of data

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10
Q

Characteristics of science

A 
-objective 
   No personal opinion 
    Clearly define what and how
    Operational definition 
-involves assumptions
     That a cause does exist and is knowable 
-empirical
    Based on the gathering of measurable observation 
-replicable and verifiable 
-public
-tentative 
  Can change
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11
Q

What does appropriate science do?

A 
Science enables us to organize and gather information from our inviting meme to do several things 
 Describe
 Explanation 
 Prediction
  Control
   Hypothesis
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12
Q

Description

A

First step in science
Systematically describe what’s happening
May not know why a situation is the case

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13
Q

Explanation

A

Explain why something has or did happen
We got to an explanation by theory and hypothesis
What is the cause?

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14
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction or statement about the outcome of an empirical investigation
Can be directional(a will be better than b$ or non directional(a will be different than b)
Focuses research
Falsifiable

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15
Q

Prediction

A

If we can explain behavior and our hypothesis is generalizable we can apply that knowledge to other instances

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16
Q

Control

A

Application of science to real world

We can control behavior

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17
Q

Science in the real world

A

Powerful tool

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18
Q

Culture and research

A

Not many are high in science literacy
Misunderstand results or process
Certain groups dismiss findings
Be a skeptic

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19
Q

Ethics

A

Ethics represent a system of moral principles and standards

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20
Q

Nazi war crimes

A 
Tried in Nuremberg 
Unethical human experiments
Mass killings
Sterlization
Exposure to chemicals and disease
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21
Q

Tuskegee

A

1932 Georgia
Investigate effects of syohillis
Poor uneducated blacks
Persuaded with food

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22
Q

Fabrication

A

Making up results

Hauser monkey cognition

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23
Q

Falsification

A

Changing omitting or manipulating data

Stapel garfitti/litter

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24
Q

Plagerism

A

Misappropriation of another’s ideas, opinions, etc without credit

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25
Q

Belmont report 1979

A

Respect for persons
Beneficiance
Justice

Gueidelines:
Consent
Asses risks and benefits
Select participants in just ways

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26
Q

Common rule 2009

A

United States federal policy that specifies ethics regulations for human subjects

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27
Q

APA principles

A 
Beneficence 
Fidelity 
Integrity
Justice
Respect for people's
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28
Q

Benificiance and non maleficiance

A

Work should benefit while not harming

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29
Q

Fidelity

A

Be professional

Consent

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30
Q

Integrity

A

Honesty

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31
Q

Justice

A

All actions have repercussions

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32
Q

Respect for people’s

A

Treated well

No bias

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33
Q

IRB

A

Review proposals
No direct interest
Asses costs and benefits

Exempt and expididted review= minimal risks

34
Q

Types of harm

A

Physical
Psychological
Social harm, loss of privacy, ability or confidentiality
Economic or legal harm

35
Q

Minimal risk

A

Magnitude of harm not greater than ordinary

36
Q

Informed consent

A 
Purpose 
Risks
Alternative procedures
Confidentiality
Incentives 
Contact info
Voluntary
Free to stop
37
Q

Deception

A

Actively mislead or withhold

38
Q

Active deception

A

Misinform participants about study

False statements about researcher or equipment

39
Q

Passive deception

A

Concealed observers

Vague descriptions

40
Q

Internet research

A

Anonymity and less pressure to continue

Les sinformed consent debriefing

41
Q

Iacuc

A

Animal subjects must be treated ethically

42
Q

Operational definition

A

Working understanding of what we are measuring

43
Q

Mediator/moderator

A

Part of casual chain

Modified casual effect

44
Q

Scales of measurement

A

Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale

45
Q

Nominal scale

A

Name that describes an aspect of the subject
Category or group that the researcher assigned a subject to
Does not have a quantitative aspect

46
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Set of categories that are organized into a sequence
Gives you directional or relational info
Does not give you magnitude of difference betweeen categories

47
Q

Interval scale

A

Ordered set of catergories
No zero point
Difference between categories the same size

48
Q

Ratio scale

A

Order set of catergories with a zero point

49
Q

Reliability

A

Given the same conditions the score on a given measure would. E identical

Just because it is reliable does not mean it is useful 
 Not all or nothing
Test restest
Split half reliability 
Inter eater releibiliry
50
Q

Validity

A

Does the measure relate to what it is suppose to measure

Internal: focused on quality of investigation
External: can it generalize

51
Q

Construct validity

A

Degree to which sit measures whatvit is suppose to

52
Q

Content validity

A

Have the right material to measure something

53
Q

Criterion validity

A

Does your measure relate to other criterion measures

54
Q

Predictive validity

A

Does it allow us to predict

55
Q

Convergent divergent validity

A

Do they or do they not have a relation ship

56
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Selectively gather info based on what we believe

57
Q

Variable

A

Any factor or attribute that can assume more than one valued

58
Q

Theory

A

Set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related

59
Q

Distal cause

A

Remote causes

60
Q

Proximal causes

A

Immediate

61
Q

Control

A

Having influence over research settings and procedures and over the application of scientific knowledge

62
Q

Empirical question

A

One that can be tested through observation

63
Q

Falsifiability

A

A criterion for judging test ability

64
Q

Basic research

A

Examines fundamental nature of phenomena

65
Q

Applied research

A

Directly focuses on solving or evaluating a specific real world problem

66
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Brief stories

67
Q

After you collect data

A

Describe it

Use for inferences

68
Q

Central tendency

A

Most common or most representative

69
Q

Shape of distribution of scores

A

How scores are dispersed, more high or low

70
Q

Covarriability of scores

A

How do scores change

71
Q

Descriptive stats

A

Puts what we see to numbers

Summarize organize and simplify data

72
Q

Kintosis

A

Peaks

73
Q

Lepto

A

Thin

No range

74
Q

Proty

A

Flat

No center

75
Q

Covariability

A

r

-1 to 1

76
Q

Nuremberg code

A

A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiments to be permissible

77
Q

Asset

A

Even tho a person might not be able to comprehend details they display desire to participate

78
Q

Confederate

A

Anaccompliamce of the investigator trained to act

79
Q

Contamination

A

Future participants learn objectives

80
Q

Three rs

A

Reduction
Refinement
Replacement

81
Q

Hypothecate constructs

A

Underlying charcterixctics that are not directly observed

Psyyy (10 decks)

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