Midterm #3 - Substance Use and Impulse Control

Question 1

substance use

Answer 1

• ingestion of substance

Question 2

substance intoxication

Answer 2

• alterations in mood/behaviour
• lose control

Question 3

problematic substance use

Answer 3

• cause problem/concern in life
• negative outcomes
• start of disorders

Question 4

substance dependence

Answer 4

• use to the point of withdrawal
• needed to function

Question 5

substance withdrawal

Answer 5

• connected to dependence
• develop a tolerance
• withdrawal period, physiological and psychological impact

Question 6

substance use disorder criteria (specifically alcohol)

Answer 6

• a problematic pattern of use leading to clinically significant impairment/distress
• at least 2 symptoms in a 12-month period
  (symptoms on another card)

Question 7

substance use disorder criteria - 11 symptoms

Answer 7

1. large dose/extended period
2. unsuccessful efforts to stop
3. significant time spent surrounding usage
4. craving/strong desires
5. recurrent use and failure to fulfill other obligations
6. continued use despite life disruptions
7. important activities given up/reduced
8. recurrent use when physically hazardous
9. continued use despite exacerbated problems
10. tolerance
11. withdrawal

Question 8

diagnostic problems

Answer 8

• might occur concurrently with other disorders
• higher comorbid
• bidirectional relationship
• self-medication
• symptoms of another problem

Question 9

5 general categories of substances

Answer 9

1. depressants
2. stimulants
3. opioids
4. hallucinogens
5. other drugs

Question 10

depressants

Answer 10

• most likely to cause dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal
• alcohol
• sedatives (calming)
• hypnotic (sleep-inducing)
• anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing)

Question 11

alcohol

Answer 11

• inhibitory centres in brain are depressed/slowed
• impaired motor coordination
• GABA: slowing down of systems
• withdrawal can be deadly

Question 12

delirium tremens

Answer 12

• reaction to alcohol withdrawal
• hallucinations and body tremors
• emergent

Question 13

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 13

• brains syndrome resulting from long-term heavy drinking
• type of dementia, memory impairments, confusion, speech issues, loss of motor movement

Question 14

stimulants

Answer 14

• most widely consumed class of drugs in Canada
• amphetamines
• cocaine
• nicotine

Question 15

amphetamines

Answer 15

• reduce appetite, weight, fatigue
• increase energy or focus
• behavioural symptoms: feeling really good, more social
• physiological symptoms: increase in heartrate, sweating/chills, nausea, death

Question 16

cocaine

Answer 16

• increases alertness, BP, causes insomnia
• high abuse potential and vicious cycle
• can be lethal to those with pre-existing heart conditions

Question 17

nicotine

Answer 17

• nicotine in tobacco is psychoactive
• stimulates pleasure pathways, relaxing affect
• can make people want to drink more, or want to smoke more when drinking

Question 18

opioids

Answer 18

• family of substances derived from the opium poppy, having a narcotic effect
• sleep-inducing, pain-relieving, most potent pain killer
• extremely unpleasant withdrawal withing 6-12hrs
• high mortality

Question 19

fatal dose of fentanyl

Answer 19

• 2mg

Question 20

fatal does of car-fentanyl

Answer 20

• 0.02mg

Question 21

hallucinogens

Answer 21

• LSD, psilocybin, cannabis
• perceptual changes: subjective intensification of perceptions, depersonalization, hallucinations
• physical symptoms: pupillary dilation, rapid heartbeat, sweating, blurred vision

Question 22

cannabis

Answer 22

• most routinely used previously illicit drug in Canada
• alters perceptions, not a traditional hallucinogen
• endocannabinoid system in our body regulates sleep, digestion, some of sex drive

Question 23

biological causes

Answer 23

• genetic vulnerability to drug abuse
• alcohol dehydrogenase: helps break down alcohol in body
• psychoactive drugs activate reward/pleasure centres in the brain
• dopamine

Question 24

psychological causes

Answer 24

• positive reinforcement: provide pleasure, increased use leads to tolerance increase, enhance pleasurable experiences
• negative reinforcement: taking away of something undesirable, coping

Question 25

cognitive causes

Answer 25

• expectancy effect: what people expect to experience when using drugs influences reactions
• cravings
• think everyone else is engaging in the behaviours

Question 26

social causes

Answer 26

• people exposed to substances in environment
• moral weakness view: users have no self control
• disease model of physiological dependence: assumes substance used is caused by an underlying issue in the brain

Question 27

cultural causes

Answer 27

• norms affect rates of use and abuse
• drinking heavily on certain occasions
• social pressure
• combo of bio factors and cultural norms

Question 28

psych treatments

Answer 28

• motivational interviewing
• CBT
• behaviour therapy
• relapse prevention

Question 29

psychosocial/combined treatments

Answer 29

• inpatient facilities
• alcoholics anonymous

Question 30

biological treatments

Answer 30

• agonist substitution: chemical makeup of drug similar to addictive drugs
• antagonist treatments: block/counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs