Midterm #2 - Mood Disorders

Question 1

anhedonia

Answer 1

• inability to experience pleasure
• key in depressive disorders

Question 2

mania

Answer 2

• extreme pleasure in every activity
• hyperactivity, rapid speech/flight of ideas
• may need hospitalization
• diagnosed after 7+ days with severe impairment in functioning

Question 3

hypomanic episode

Answer 3

• not as severe as a manic episode
• no marked impairment in social/occupational functioning
• 4+ days

Question 4

unipolar

Answer 4

• mood remains at one end of the continuum/pole

Question 5

bipolar

Answer 5

• mood travels between poles

Question 6

mixed features

Answer 6

• mix of symptoms
• might not meet full threshold for any disorder

Question 7

major depressive disorder criterion A

Answer 7

• 5+ of the following in a 2wk period, at least 1 is 1) or 2)
  1. depressed mood most days
  2. diminished interest/pleasure in activities
  3. change in weight
  4. insomnia/hypersomnia
  5. restlessness/slowing down
  6. fatigue
  7. worthlessness or excessive guilt
  8. concentration problems/indecisiveness
  9. recurrent thoughts of death/suicide

Question 8

major depressive disorder criterion E

Answer 8

• no previous manic/hypomanic episode

Question 9

persistent depressive episode

Answer 9

• relatively unchanged depressed mood for 2+ yrs
• 2+ of poor appetite, in/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration/decision making, hopelessness
• never without symptoms for longer than 2 months in the 2yr period

Question 10

double depression

Answer 10

• persistent depression with periods of significant worsening mood
• PDD + MDD

Question 11

depressive disorder specifiers

Answer 11

• symptoms that may accompany a depressive disorder
• common language for clinicians
• mild, moderate, severe
• with atypical features
• with psychotic features

Question 12

onset of PDD and MDD

Answer 12

• around 25 years
• increased diagnosis in young girls

Question 13

integrated grief

Answer 13

• accepting loss
• integration of loss into daily life

Question 14

complicated grief

Answer 14

• prolonged
• complication in the recovery process

Question 15

prolonged grief disorder

Answer 15

• significant grief to the point of distress/impairment
• controversial addition to the DSM-5

Question 16

prolonged grief disorder treatments

Answer 16

• discuss the loss
• integrate understanding into life

Question 17

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 17

• physical symptoms, severe mood swings, irritability, anger, severe depressed/anxiety during menstruation
• significant distress and impairment
• can be treated with an SSRI for part of the cycle

Question 18

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 18

• chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, frequent temper tantrums
• 6-18yrs only

Question 19

bipolar I

Answer 19

• one full manic episode
• can have a depressive episode
• cycle between 2

Question 20

bipolar II

Answer 20

• one hypomanic episode AND one major depressive episode
• never full mania

Question 21

cyclothymic disoder

Answer 21

• chronic elevation and drop in mood
• less severity than bipolar

Question 22

rapid cycling specifier (bipolar)

Answer 22

• 4 manic or depressive episode within 1yr
• 20%-50% of people with bipolar I

Question 23

average age of onset for bipolar I and II

Answer 23

• I: 18yrs
• II: 22yrs

Question 24

mood disorder causes

Answer 24

• heritability: 2-3x higher in relatives of confirmed cases
• inherit a general vulnerability to all mood disorders
• potential serotonin hypothesis
• more intense REM activities, less deep sleep
• interpretation of stressful life events

Question 25

body serotonin doesn’t cross the _____-______-______

Answer 25

• blood-brain-barrier

Question 26

learned helplessness theory of depression

Answer 26

• Seligman
• people become depressed when they feel they have no control over life’s stresses

Question 27

depressive attributional cognitions/styles

Answer 27

• internal: attribute negative life events to personal failings
• stable: outcome is enduring
• global: apply cognitions to a wide variety of situations

Question 28

arbitrary inference (Beck)

Answer 28

• emphasizing negative rather than positive
• look for negative aspects always

Question 29

overgeneralization

Answer 29

• common
• interpret one small thing to be generalizable to bigger things

Question 30

cognitive triad

Answer 30

• thinking negatively about self, immediate world, and future

Question 31

____% of people with MDD and PDD are women

Answer 31

• 70

Question 32

bipolar treatment

Answer 32

• try to prevent first episode
• interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: regulates circadian rhythm, adds routines
• family focused treatment
• CBT

Question 33

depression treatment

Answer 33

• CBT: correcting cognitive errors, realistic/balanced thinking, encourage activation (doing stuff), Socratic questioning
• tricylcics
• MAOIs
• SSRIs: most common drug
• lithium
• ECT
• TMS

Question 34

psychedelics for mood disorders

Answer 34

• ketamine: shown to have antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects, still new research
• psilocybin: comparable to SSRI, need more “mystical” experience for benefits

Question 35

suicidal attempts

Answer 35

• desire to end life but person survives

Question 36

suicidal ideation

Answer 36

• thinking seriously about suicide, active or passive

Question 37

suicide risk factors

Answer 37

• family history: greater risk with a suicidal first degree relative
• existing psych disorder
• stressful life events