Midterm 2 - Notes 6 (Part 1)

Question 1

What are 4 examples of plant outgrowths and what causes them?

Answer 1

1. Port McNeil burl
2. Canker on Sugar Maple
   - caused by a fungas
3. Leaf galls on grape
   - caused by an insect
4. Crown gall on elm tree
   - caused by bacterium

Question 2

Do animal cancers have excessive outgrowths (tumours)?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Are animal cancers invasive to neighbouring tissues?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Do animal cancers have a formation of metastases?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Do animal cancers cause severe illnesses/deaths?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Are animals cancers caused by somatic mutations?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Are animal cancers caused by integration of oncogene by retroviral integration?

Answer 7

Sometimes

Question 8

Are animal cancers caused by infection (eg. insects, bacteria and fungi)?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Do plant cancers have excessive outgrowths (tumours)?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

Are plant cancers invasive to neighbouring tissues?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Do plant cancers have a formation of metastases?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Do plant cancers cause severe illnesses/deaths?

Answer 12

Yes to illness

No to death

Question 13

Are plant cancers caused by somatic mutations?

Answer 13

Unknown

Question 14

Are plant cancers caused by integration of oncogene by retroviral integration?

Answer 14

Unknown

Question 15

Are plant cancers caused by infection (eg. insects, bacteria and fungi)?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What does not circulate in the blood?

Answer 16

Plants

Question 17

What are tumours caused by?

Answer 17

Infections

Question 18

What kind of plants are crown gall tumours found on? (6)

Answer 18

1. Kalanchoe species
2. Turnip (Brassica napus)
3. Elm tree (Ulmus americana)
4. Chrysanthemum species
5. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum)
6. Grape (Vitis vinifera)

Question 19

What family does Agrobacterium tumefaciens belong to?

Answer 19

Rhizobiaceae within the alpha-protobacteria

Question 20

What do A. tumefaciens have a broad range of?

Answer 20

Species

• angiosperm and gymnosperms
• but individual strains have a very specific host range

Question 21

What is A. tumefaciens needed for?

Answer 21

Tumour initiation

- not progression

Question 22

What was identified as the casual agent of crown gall in Pairis daisy’s?

Answer 22

A. tumefaciens

Question 23

Axen

Answer 23

Free of bacteria

Question 24

When did tumour formation start in the experiment?

Answer 24

40 days and increased from there

Question 25

What is necessary for tumour formation?

Answer 25

Anti-bacteria

- then from there it progresses with the bacteria or not

Question 26

What does heat treatment kills?

Answer 26

Bacteria

- not the plants

Question 27

When will axenic tumours tissues form new tumours?

Answer 27

When grafted onto uninfected plants

- can grow continuously in vitro (no addition of growth hormones necessary)

Question 28

What is not required for maintenance of tumours?

Answer 28

Bacterium

• but required for initiation
• plants must have been transformed

Question 29

What must the plant cell produce?

Answer 29

TIP

Question 30

TIP

Answer 30

Tumour inducing principle

Question 31

Tumour inducing principle

Answer 31

A compound that is capable of inducing the specific alteration of the host

Question 32

What are increased in tumour tissues?

Answer 32

Growth hormones

• auxin levels are 10-fold higher than in surrounding tissues
• cytokinin levels are 100-fold higher than in surrounding tissues
• levels are much higher than in non-tumour species