Midterm 2 - Notes 4 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Why study plant tumours on the molecular level? (3)

A
  1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cellular differentiation
  2. Best studied example of inter-kingdom lateral gene transfer
  3. Led to the primary tool for generating genetically modified plants
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2
Q

What are tumours defined by?

A

Their phenotype

- not how they originate

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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4
Q

Tumour

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division or reduced cell death
- can be benign or malignant

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5
Q

Benign

A

No invasion to nearby tissue or spreading to other parts of the body
- will not invade into nearby tissues and cause harm

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6
Q

Malignant

A

Tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and/or spread to other parts of the body (forms metastases)
- can break off and establish itself somewhere else in the body and spread from there

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7
Q

Merkel cell tumour

A

Is a rare malignant tumours of the skin in humans

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8
Q

Crown gall tumour

A

A common tumour of stems and roots on an elm tree

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9
Q

How do cancer cells reproduce?

A

Without any restraints on cell growth, cell division or apoptosis

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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11
Q

How do cancers evolve?

A

Gradually

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12
Q

What do tumours contain? (2)

A
  1. Increase number of somatic mutations

2 Epigenetic alterations

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13
Q

What does the cause of malfunctioning of regulatory proteins lead to? (2)

A
  1. Increase in cell division

2. Decrease in cell death

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14
Q

What are 4 key roles that mutated genes play in?

A
  1. DNA repair
  2. Cell signalling
  3. Cell growth and differentiation
  4. Cell cycle count
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15
Q

With check point is environmentally favoured?

A

G1 to S checkpoint

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16
Q

Which check point is all DNA replicated and is environmentally favoured?

A

G2 to M checkpoint

17
Q

What do mutated genes play a role in? (2)

A
  1. Cell division

2. Apoptosis

18
Q

What do mutated genes help regulate?

A

The cell cycle

19
Q

At what speed do tumours progress?

20
Q

What can increase the chance of getting cancer?

A

Exposure to mutagen/ carcinogen

21
Q

Can single exposure cause cancer?

A

No

- needs to be over a long period of time to constant exposure

22
Q

What are the 4 stages in tumour progression?

A
  1. Normal tissue
  2. Mild disorder
  3. Benign tumour
  4. Malignant cancer
23
Q

What increases the chance of getting mutations?

A

Genetic instability

24
Q

What do pre-cancerous cells do compared to normal cells?

A

Accumulate more mutations

25
What 3 things may initial mutations interfere with?
1. DNA repair 2. DNA damage response 3. Epigenetic control mechanisms
26
What are critical cancer genes necessary to?
Withstand homeostasis
27
What do additional mutations required can cause the cell to do? (3)
1. Constitutively activate cell division in absence of growth factors 2. Become insensitive to external and internal signals 3. Induce help from normal tissues
28
What are 4 examples of external and internal signals?
1. Anti-proliferating factors 2. Apoptosis inducing factors 3. Factors inducing differentiation 4. Factors preventing proliferation without adhesion
29
What can subsequent mutations become?
Invasive
30
Oncogene
Cancer causing gene | - only when mutated
31
What is an example of a GOF gene?
Oncogene - dominant - over activation/over expression
32
What is an example of LOF gene?
Tumor supressor genes - recessive - under activate/ missing