Midterm 1 - Notes 1

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

One/ a few genes at a time

Question 2

Genomics

Answer 2

All genes are parallel

Question 3

What does the central dogma of molecular genetics consist of?

Answer 3

Protein coding genes (human genome)

Question 4

How many protein coding genes are there?

Answer 4

20,687

Question 5

How many non-coding RNAs are there?

Answer 5

33,977

Question 6

What are the 5 steps that go from DNA to proteins?

Answer 6

1. DNA
2. RNA synthesis (transcription)
3. RNA
4. Protein synthesis (translation)
5. Proteins (amino acids)

Question 7

What is the size of the human genome (in bases)?

Answer 7

3.2 billion bases

Question 8

What percentage of the protein coding genes come from the genome?

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

What percentage of the genome are exons?

Answer 9

1.5%

Question 10

What is the percentage of repetitive elements in the human genome?

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

What are genomes organized into?

Answer 11

Chromosomes

Question 12

What does epigenetics control through?

Answer 12

Chromatin structures

-accessibility

Question 13

What is the level of transcriptional control?

Answer 13

Level of initiation

Question 14

What does transcriptional control define?

Answer 14

Defines when and how much of a gene is being transcribed

Question 15

What are 2 things associated with post transcriptional control?

Answer 15

1. mRNA stability

2. Turn over rate

Question 16

Turn over rate is most stable/ most non stable when? (2)

Answer 16

1. Stable = stays around longer

2. Non-stable = degrades quickly

Question 17

What does translational control determine?

Answer 17

Determines how much proteins is produced (even if you have the same amount of translation)

Question 18

What 2 things are associated with translational control?

Answer 18

1. Initiation of translation

2. Translation efficiency

Question 19

What 2 things are involved with signal perception?

Answer 19

1. Extracellular molecules

2. Receptor proteins

Question 20

What is involved with signal transduction, integration and amplification?

Answer 20

Intracellular signalling proteins

Question 21

What is involved with the response?

Answer 21

Effector protein

Question 22

What does the metabolic enzyme control?

Answer 22

Altered metabolism

Question 23

What does gene regulatory protein control?

Answer 23

Altered gene expression

Question 24

What does cytoskeletal proteins control?

Answer 24

Altered cell shape or movement