Midterm 1 - Notes 3 (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are four examples of transcription factors?

A
  1. Tbx4
  2. Tbx5
  3. Pitx1
  4. Pitx2
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2
Q

When are homeotic genes express?

A

Expressed early during hind limb development

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3
Q

What are homeotic genes?

A

They are developmental master regulators for development that are involved with hind limb development

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4
Q

Tbx4 (3)

A
  1. Required for proper leg development
  2. Involved in the regulation of embryonic development processes
  3. Known for its role in development of the hind limb and the formation of the umbilicus
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5
Q

Where is Tbx5 expressed

A

Is strongly expressed in the wings

- very specific to forearms

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6
Q

What is Pitx1 involved with?

A

Organ development of the left and right asymmetry

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7
Q

What is Pitx2 involved with?

A

The development if the eyes, tooth and abdominal organs

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8
Q

Who is a transcription regulator of prolactin?

A

Pitx2

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9
Q

Transcription factor

A

Is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to a specific DNA sequence

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10
Q

What does transcription initiation require?

A

Requires the presence of transcription activator proteins

- they bind to specific short sequences of DNA

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11
Q

Enhancer

A

Transcription factor binding site on target genes

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12
Q

What are the 2 modular structure protein domains?

A
  1. Protein protein interaction

2. DNA binding domain

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13
Q

What happens in the protein protein interaction domain?

A

Proteins act with other proteins that initiate/ regulate other target genes
- it acts as transcription activator

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14
Q

What happens in the DNA binding domain?

A

Binds to and recognizes the cis element of the target gene thats up/ down stream of the target stream

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15
Q

What does the binding allow in the DNA binding domain?

A

The binding allows the protein protein interaction domain to get involved and initiates the transcription of the target gene

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16
Q

What are the 2 cis elements?

A
  1. Enhancer

2. TATA box

17
Q

TATA box

A

Is a DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded
- type of promoter for transcription

18
Q

What are the 3 trans regulatory proteins?

A
  1. Transcription factors
  2. Co-regulators
  3. Histone modification
19
Q

Co-regulators

A

Such as co-activators and co-repressors that help the increase or decrease of transcription factors fro gene expression

20
Q

Histone modification

A

Is a covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins which includes methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation

21
Q

How do histone modification impact gene expression?

A

By altering chromatin structure

22
Q

What do gene regulatory proteins form?

A

Multi protein complexes

23
Q

What defines target gene expression levels?

A

A combination of cis-elements and transcription factors

24
Q

Which transcription factor has a highly conserved homeodomain?

A

Pitx1

25
Q

What will a highly conserved homeodomain indicate?

A

This will indicate to which cis-regulatory element which enhancer region these proteins will bind to or be able to bind to

26
Q

Without the high LOD score, would they have continued their research? Why or why not?

A

No, because there could have been many other proteins that could have caused this effect

27
Q

In situ hybridization

A

Is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (ie. probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue

28
Q

Where was the Pitx1 expressed and where was it not expressed?

A
  • It was expressed in the pelvic region in marine form (they developed a spine)
  • It was not expressed in the benthic form (will not develop a spine)
  • -> this is what we expected because the benthic fish didnt normally develop a spine
29
Q

What does the Pitx1 gene effect other than high limb development? (2)

A
  1. Thymus

2. Neuromast cells