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Bio 361 - Molecular Genome and Genomics > Midterm 1 - Notes 2 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Notes 2 (Part 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable character (including both physical appearance and behaviour) of a cell or organism

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2
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic constitution of an individual cell or organism. The particular combination of alleles found in a specific individual

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3
Q

How many copies of genes are in a diploid cell?

A

2

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4
Q

Gene

A

Region of DNA that is transcribed as a single unit and carries information for a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to either a single protein (or set of related proteins) or a single RNA (or set of related RNAs)

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5
Q

What is the real name for a three-spine stickleback?

A

Gasterosteus aculeatus

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6
Q

What do three-spine stickleback have that make them harder to prey upon?

A

Series of plates along the sides of their bodies

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7
Q

What make three-spine stickleback easy prey?

A

Their size (they are small)

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8
Q

Are three-spine stickleback easy prey? Why or why not?

A

NO, because they have developed special defensive traits that make then harder to be eaten

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9
Q

Where are three-spine stickleback mostly found? (2)

A
  1. Circumpolar distribution in Arctic and temperate regions

2. Fresh water and coastal seawater (across the northern waters)

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10
Q

When did the phenotypic variation occur?

A

Recently

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11
Q

What are the 2 forms of fish found in Paxton Lake BC?

A
  1. Limnetic form

2. Benthic form

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12
Q

Limnetic form

A
  1. Mainly open water

2. Predation by larger fish and birds

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13
Q

Benthic form

A
  1. Shallow water
  2. Predation by macro-invertebrates
  3. May “grab them by the spine”
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14
Q

What is the adaptive advantage for the benthic form fish?

A

They are more round and smooth with reduced of absent spines and reduced armour plates
- makes them harder to grab onto and easy to slip away

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15
Q

What is the phenotypic difference on limnetic and benthic form fishes?

A
  • Limnetic = contains dorsal and pelvic spines

- Benthic = reduction/ absence of the dorsal and pelvic spines

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16
Q

What kind of approach was used in the general outline of the experiment?

A

Classic genetic approach

- what happened and why/how

17
Q

What happened in the classic genetic approach? (4)

A
  1. Lined them up along linkage groups
    - establish crosses
  2. Used markers to identify and locate the gene that is causing the absence of plates or spines
    - genetic map
  3. Takes a genome sequence and looks at the specific genes that could cause this phenotype
    - candidate genes
  4. These can identify a smaller number and compare them in other situations
    - molecular changes
18
Q

Did the Japanese marine fish have spines?

A

Yes

19
Q

Did the Paxton benthic fish have spines?

A

No

20
Q

What did they discover about the spines?

A

That it is dominant gene and that having no spine was a recessive gene

21
Q

What are the 3 steps in classical genetics?

A
  1. Observe inheritable phenotype differences between individuals
  2. Find genetic markers distributed throughout the genome
  3. Identify markers that are linked (co-inherited) with phenotype (associated genotype with phenotype)
22
Q

What is a genetic marker? (4)

A
  1. Defined segment of DNA
  2. Has a known position on a chromosome
  3. It has easily detectable allelic variations
  4. Only used for detection (it doesn’t actually cause the phenotype)
23
Q

What is a huge part of genetic mapping?

A

Looking for co-inherited segments

24
Q

Co-inheritance

A

Chromosomal regions in related individuals or the sharing of functional or marker alleles among phenotypically similar individuals

25
Q

Co-segregation principle

A

Loci that are close together are co-inherited except a cross over occurred between them

26
Q

What leads to a high chance of cross over?

A

Having the loci further apart from each other

27
Q

Morphological

A

Any phenotypic difference cause by alleles of one gene

28
Q

Biochemical

A

Allelic variants of enzymes

- eg. isozymes

29
Q

Isozymes

A

Different versions of the same gene, but it might have a different function

30
Q

Molecular (3)

A
  1. Allelic variations
    - difference in the DNA (A vs T and G vs C)
  2. Not related to a phenotypic difference
  3. No phenotypic consequence are the best
31
Q

What are 3 advantages to molecular genetic markers?

A
  1. Evolutionary neutral
    - unaffected by the environment/ development
    - random changes that were inherited throughout the generations
  2. Extremely abundant
  3. Can be easily chosen
32
Q

What are 3 detection types of molecular genetic markers and an example for each?

A
  1. Restriction site based
    - eg) RFLP
  2. Repeat length based
    - SSR or micro-satellites
  3. Sequence based
    - SNP
33
Q

SSRs

A

Simple Sequence Repeats

34
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Is the independent evolution of the similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition

35
Q

What do the detection types allow you to do?

A

Allows you to detect differences in the DNA sequence

36
Q

What detection type is more common?

A

SNPs

37
Q

SNPs

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

Bio 361 - Molecular Genome and Genomics (35 decks)

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