Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 4)

Question 1

Where are WG in eukaryotes most common?

Answer 1

In plants

Question 2

What does WGD allow? (2)

Answer 2

1. Allows rapid evolution for whole pathways

2. Allows rapid variation of lineage to take place

Question 3

What is a driving force for speciation?

Answer 3

WGD

Question 4

What are 2 advantages for WGD?

Answer 4

1. Difficult to show changes in specific phenotype traits

2. WGD allows for stability of multiple copies better at inhibiting mutations

Question 5

What is very unstable? And what is the exception?

Answer 5

Poly-ploid

- the except in body size

Question 6

What does poly-ploid produce?

Answer 6

Larger fruit

- selective breeding also helps with this

Question 7

What does WGD correlate with?

Answer 7

Major evolutionary

Question 8

What is WGD always a part of? And what is its effect?

Answer 8

It is part of a combination, so it is hard to pinpoint where the advantages occur

Question 9

Segmental duplications

Answer 9

Any type of duplication that is intermediate in size

Question 10

What do segmental duplications do?

Answer 10

Block duplication of the genome

Question 11

How does segmental duplication occur? (2)

Answer 11

1. Through replication errors

2. Inexact DNA break repairs

Question 12

What does segmental duplication involve?

Answer 12

Only a small portion of the genome

Question 13

How do duplications arrange?

Answer 13

In tandem in the genome

Question 14

Tandem

Answer 14

Right next to each other

Question 15

What is an example of a segmental duplication experiment?

Answer 15

Comparing humans vs chimps genomes

Question 16

What caused the most differences?

Answer 16

Duplication

- rather than single nucleotide changes

Question 17

What does segmental duplication allow?

Answer 17

Allows evolution of new functions while old functions is maintained

Question 18

What do Antarctic fish produce? And where?

Answer 18

They produce anti-freezing proteins

- in the pancreas

Question 19

What are the anti-freezing proteins rich with? (2)

Answer 19

1. Alanine
2. Threonine

• consists of many repeats

Question 20

What is the anti-freezing protein common in? (2)

Answer 20

1. Cold blooded animals

2. Cold adaptive plants

Question 21

How do anti-freezing proteins work?

Answer 21

By binding to ice crystals

Question 22

What does it mean when they found different anti-freezing proteins in different lineages?

Answer 22

That they are not the same and that it had to evolve over time and in different animals

Question 23

How did they find similarities in organisms?

Answer 23

Looked at flanking sequences

Question 24

What did they discover after they looked at flanking sequences?

Answer 24

Discovered the tripsinogen gene and was able to identify gene similarities

Question 25

What 2 proteins had no overall similarity with other genes?

Answer 25

1. Anti-freezing protein

2. Trypsinogen

Question 26

In the end what did they discover?

Answer 26

That they were nearly identical

- very few differenes

Question 27

What marks the end of the last intron in trypsinogen?

Answer 27

ag

Question 28

What does the ‘a’ missing in the AFP and positions of 3, 4 and 5 of exon 6 in trypsinogen become?

Answer 28

A TGA stop codon in AFP

Question 29

What do incorrect fusions cause?

Answer 29

An early termination codon

Question 30

What does an incorrect fusion of exon 6 to tandem repeats create? (2)

Answer 30

1. A frameshift mutation

2. Premature stop codon