Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 361 - Molecular Genome and Genomics > Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did the predecessor acquire? (2)

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase

2. RnaseH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RT

A

Reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RH

A

RnaseH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are RT and RH?

A

They are types of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do LTR retrotransposons acquire? (2)

A
  1. LTRs
  2. A protease
  • processes primary protein to RT and RH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do retroviruses acquire?

A

Envelope proteins

- allowing them to leave the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do non-LTR retrotransposons gain and allow?

A

Envelope proteins that allow to encapsulate the complex with the proteins and RNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are LINEs?

A

Non-LTR retrotransposons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can non-LTR retrotransposons do?

A

They can leave the cell and form viral particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do retroviruses move?

A

They move from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do retro-transposons move?

A

Within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do LTR-transposon and retroviruses share?

A

Mechanism of movement and amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are RNA and proteins made by in the lifecycle of retroviruses and LTR transposons?

A

Regular cellular transcription/translation machinery

  • RNA transferase
  • can use DNA as a template
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of proteins do viruses only have?

A

Enveloped proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do enveloped proteins allow?

A

Movement from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do retrotransposons only form? And what does it allow?

A
  1. Matrixs

2. Allows amplification within the cell only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can RNA H do?

A

It can degrade RNA only if it is in a DNA/RNA complex

18
Q

What does the envelope do?

A

Protects the capsid while they are moving from cell to cell

19
Q

What is RT?

A

DNA polymerase that can use RNA or DNA as a template

20
Q

What does integrase act similar to?

A

Transposase of DNA transposons

21
Q

What does the promoter TATA box do?

A

Provides binding sites for transcription

22
Q

What does LTR function as?

A

As a promoter that directs host cell RNA polymerase to initiate transcription at the 5’ nucleotide of the R sequence

23
Q

What does RNA intermediate lack? (2)

A
  1. A promoter at the 5’ end

2. U5 part at the 3’ end

24
Q

What happens if the poly A signal is lost? (2)

A
  1. It will be non-autonomous

2. Wont be able to move from cell to cell

25
Q

What is the LTR solution? (7)

A
  1. A tRNA binds 3’ of the U5
  2. RT extends to 5’ end of RNA
  3. RH degrades RNA in RNA/DNA duplex
  4. R region of cDNA binds to complementary R region at 3’ end of RNA
  5. RT extends to the new 5’ end
  6. RH degrades most of the hybrid RNA
  7. PBS region of the 2nd strand cDNA binds to the other PBS region on the 1st strand
    - RT extends to form a complete dsDNA of the retrotransposons
26
Q

Why should you always use a tRNA compared to other RNAs? (2)

A
  1. Because it is present in all cells
  2. Because it is always present
  • but can use other RNAs
27
Q

What is the most abundant type of transposon in mammals?

A

Non-LTR transposons

- LINE

28
Q

LINE

A

Long interspersed elements

- ~6kb

29
Q

SINE

A

Short interspersed elements

- ~0.3kb

30
Q

What do SINE not contain?

A

Protein coding regions

31
Q

What do SINE only contain?

A

Flanking regions

32
Q

What do SINEs use to facilitate their movement?

A

Proteins

33
Q

What are all SINEs?

A

Non-autonomous

34
Q

What do SINEs use to amplify?

A

LINEs encoded machinery

35
Q

Where is the promoter for SINE located?

A

Downstream but it affects the upstream

- it is part of the transcript

36
Q

What do autonomous transposons only encode? (2)

A
  1. RT
  2. Endonuclease
  • absolutely need this
37
Q

What can the enzymes RT and endonuclease act on? (2)

A
  1. Itself

2. Other transposons of the same class

38
Q

How do SINES get amplified?

A

By having RT and endonuclease act on it

39
Q

What 2 thing are coupled in non-LTR transposons movement and amplification?

A
  1. RT

2. Integration

40
Q

What is not needed in non-LTR transposons movement and amplification?

A

Integrase enzyme

- integration is done by RT

41
Q

What does movement lead to in non-LRT transposons?

A

Increase in transposon copy numbers

- because the original copy stays were it is and gets duplicated

42
Q

What are the 11 multistep pathway during non-LTR transposon movement?

A
  1. Binds to any part of the genome where there are some present in the genome
  2. Add leaking enzyme
  3. Cut the dsDNA in a nik fashion
  4. Then allows genomic DNA to separate
  5. Base pairing create pairing sites for RT
    - its job is to create DNA copy for the template
  6. At the same time RT stays bound to the other end of the DNA
  7. The strand gets flipped around and forms a newly formed DNA strand
  8. Switches from RNA template to ssDNA
  9. RT switches over and uses DNA strand as a template and moves along
  10. All of this is needed because the cellular repair mechanism recognize the breaks and also there is a RNA/DNA hybrids
  11. The DNA polymerase comes in a repairs the damage

Bio 361 - Molecular Genome and Genomics (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions