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Child Development > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. (Oi dep)

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2
Q

Age of viability

A

26 + weeks

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

Using current schemes to interpret the external world

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4
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment

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5
Q

Schemes

A

organized ways of making sense of experiences

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6
Q

Stage one of sensorimotor

A

Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)

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7
Q

Stage two of sensorimotor

A

Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

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8
Q

Stage three of sensorimotor

A

secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

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9
Q

Stage four of sensorimotor

A

Coordination of secondary circular movements (8-12 months)

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10
Q

Stage five of sensorimotor

A

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

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11
Q

Stage six of sensorimotor

A

Mental representations (18 months - 2 years)

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12
Q

Erik Erikson psychosocial crisis resolution

A

During each stage of development, a person experiences a psychological crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development

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13
Q

Sensitive or Critical Period

A

Optimal time for skills and behaviors to emerge. Humans are highly responsive during this time

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14
Q

Factors in maternal stress

A

exercise, nutrition, stress, blood incompatibility, maternal age and previous births

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15
Q

How do stress hormones affect pregnancy?

A

cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity

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16
Q

how does maternal emotional stress effect pregnancy?

A

Predicts negative emotions in children

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17
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

A

views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

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18
Q

microsystem

A

Things that directly affect us (ex: child’s family or friends)

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19
Q

mesosystem

A

When two or more microsystems interact (ex: relationship between a child’s siblings and friends)

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20
Q

exosystem

A

consists of environmental elements that greatly affect a child’s development. (ex: parents workplace or parent’s friends)

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21
Q

macrosystem

A

cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

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22
Q

chronosystem

A

changes and continuities occurring over time that influence an individual’s development (CCIID)

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23
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

psychological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualization

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24
Q

Dynamic systems perspective

A

Each child’s mind, body, physical and social worlds are constantly interacting with each other to create overall patterns of growth and development

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25
Q

Core knowledge in newborns

A

physical, linguistic, psychological, numerical

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26
Q

APGAR

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

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27
Q

NAEYC code of conduct

A

no harming children, nothing that would harm the child, privacy and accuracy

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27
Q

reliability

A

how well a study can be repeated in same or
different forms and have similar results or findings

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28
Q

validity

A

does the test or study measure what it intends to measure?

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29
Q

longitundial study

A

Same subjects studied repeatedly at different
ages; a number of years or decades

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30
Q

cross sectional study

A

Participants of differing ages or circumstances are
all studied at the same time

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31
Q

sequential study

A

Several similar cross- sectional or longitudinal
studies are conducted at varying times

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32
Q

micro genetic study

A

Participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions.

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33
Q

stage 1a of childbirth

A

dilation and effacement of cervix

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34
Q

stage 1b of childbirth

A

transition

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35
Q

stage 2a of childbirth

A

pushing

36
Q

stage 2b of childbirth

A

birth

37
Q

stage 3 of childbirth

A

birth of placenta

38
Q

chromosomes

A

store and transmit genetic info

39
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA located along chromosones

40
Q

DNA

A

substance of which genes and chromosomes are made

41
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

42
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

43
Q

identical twins

A

One egg is fertilized, and then splits. The twins will share the same genes

44
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Two zygotes, two eggs are released and fertilized, each egg has its own 23 pairs of chromosomes

45
Q

concordance

A

consistency

46
Q

teratogens

A

any environmental agent that causes
damage during the prenatal period

47
Q

The impact or effects of teratogens depend on

A

Dose, hereditary, age, and other negative factors

48
Q

examples of teratogens

A

drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, disease

49
Q

period of the zygote can be best described as

A

cell division and implantation

50
Q

how long is the period of the embryo?

A

3rd week to the 8th week

51
Q

How long is the period of the fetus

A

week 9-birth

52
Q

how long is the period of the zygote?

A

1-2 weeks

53
Q

how long is human gestation?

A

38 weeks

54
Q

prenatal diagnostic methods

A

Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, Fetoscopy, Ultrasound, Maternal blood analysis, MRI, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (ACFUMP)

55
Q

low birth weight threshold

A

< 5.5 pounds

56
Q

children who are 1,501-2,500 grams at birth… (3.4-5.5 lbs)

A

about 8% have major disabilities and about 11% have minor disabilities

57
Q

children who are 1,001-1,500 grams… (2.2-3.3 lb)

A

about 14% have major disabilities and 23% have minor disabilities

58
Q

children less than 1,001 grams… (2.2 lbs)

A

25% have major disabilities and 25% have minor disabilities

59
Q

Preterm infant

A

born weeks before due date, may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy

60
Q

Cephalocaudal growth pattern

A

“Head to tail”, head grows faster than lower part of the body (At birth, the head takes up one- fourth of total body length, the legs only one- third)

61
Q

Proximodistal growth

A

“near to far”, the head, chest, and trunk
grow first; then the arms and legs; and finally the hands and feet

62
Q

Phenotype

A

directly observable characteristics, a product of both the genotype and the environment

63
Q

Maternal age factors in conception

A

as women get older, chances of chromosomal abnormalities increase (after 35 the risk drastically increases)

64
Q

Maternal age…

A

is increasing

65
Q

Factors that compromise socioeconomic status and family functioning

A

education level of family members, prestige and skill associated with profession, family income

66
Q

active correlations

A

association between genetics and the environment that a child picks

67
Q

Passive correlations

A

occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides

68
Q

Evocative correlations

A

The association between an individual’s genetically influenced behavior and others’ reactions to that behavior.

69
Q

Niche Picking

A

when children have a consistent choice pattern that complements their heredity

70
Q

Experience dependent growth

A

Throughout life span we experience specific and
purposeful learning events that refine and shape our thinking. (SPLE)

71
Q

Experience expectant growth

A

Young children’s brains are expecting ordinary daily
experiences for typical growth (YCODE)

72
Q

gross motor skills

A

large movements such as crawling, walking, jumping, running, etc

73
Q

Fine motor skills

A

activities in which you use the small muscles in your hands and wrists to make precise movements

74
Q

cartalige cells are produce at the

A

growth plates

75
Q

cartilages are located at the

A

upper and lower epiphyses

76
Q

classical conditioning

A

The association between an “unconditioned stimulus” with an “unconditioned or reflexive response” and then a rewarding condition

77
Q

Operant conditioning

A

the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

78
Q

Reinforcer

A

Increases probability of behavior occurring again by presenting a desirable stimulus or removing an unpleasant stimulus

79
Q

Punishment

A

Reduces probability of behavior occurring again by presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus

80
Q

sensory register

A

represents sights and sounds directly and stores them briefly

81
Q

information processing model includes

A

sensory register, working/short term memory, and long term memory

82
Q

Synapses

A

spaces between neurons where transmissions are sent via chemical reactions

83
Q

Myelination

A

neurons develop their myelin sheath

84
Q

Myelin sheath

A

an insulation around nerves that allows impulses to transmit quickly

85
Q

synaptic pruning

A

neurons that aren’t stimulated lose their synapses

86
Q

underextension

A

applying words too narrowly

87
Q

overextension

A

applying words too broadly

88
Q

Affordances

A

“action possibilities” that a situation offers an organism (ex: pressing a button)

Child Development (13 decks)

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