Midterm Flashcards
Theory
an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. (Oi dep)
Age of viability
26 + weeks
Assimilation
Using current schemes to interpret the external world
Accomodation
Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment
Schemes
organized ways of making sense of experiences
Stage one of sensorimotor
Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)
Stage two of sensorimotor
Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
Stage three of sensorimotor
secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
Stage four of sensorimotor
Coordination of secondary circular movements (8-12 months)
Stage five of sensorimotor
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
Stage six of sensorimotor
Mental representations (18 months - 2 years)
Erik Erikson psychosocial crisis resolution
During each stage of development, a person experiences a psychological crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development
Sensitive or Critical Period
Optimal time for skills and behaviors to emerge. Humans are highly responsive during this time
Factors in maternal stress
exercise, nutrition, stress, blood incompatibility, maternal age and previous births
How do stress hormones affect pregnancy?
cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity
how does maternal emotional stress effect pregnancy?
Predicts negative emotions in children
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
microsystem
Things that directly affect us (ex: child’s family or friends)
mesosystem
When two or more microsystems interact (ex: relationship between a child’s siblings and friends)
exosystem
consists of environmental elements that greatly affect a child’s development. (ex: parents workplace or parent’s friends)
macrosystem
cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
chronosystem
changes and continuities occurring over time that influence an individual’s development (CCIID)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
psychological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualization
Dynamic systems perspective
Each child’s mind, body, physical and social worlds are constantly interacting with each other to create overall patterns of growth and development
Core knowledge in newborns
physical, linguistic, psychological, numerical
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
NAEYC code of conduct
no harming children, nothing that would harm the child, privacy and accuracy
reliability
how well a study can be repeated in same or
different forms and have similar results or findings
validity
does the test or study measure what it intends to measure?
longitundial study
Same subjects studied repeatedly at different
ages; a number of years or decades
cross sectional study
Participants of differing ages or circumstances are
all studied at the same time
sequential study
Several similar cross- sectional or longitudinal
studies are conducted at varying times
micro genetic study
Participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions.
stage 1a of childbirth
dilation and effacement of cervix
stage 1b of childbirth
transition
stage 2a of childbirth
pushing
stage 2b of childbirth
birth
stage 3 of childbirth
birth of placenta
chromosomes
store and transmit genetic info
genes
segments of DNA located along chromosones
DNA
substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
somatic cells
body cells
Gametes
sex cells
identical twins
One egg is fertilized, and then splits. The twins will share the same genes
Fraternal twins
Two zygotes, two eggs are released and fertilized, each egg has its own 23 pairs of chromosomes
concordance
consistency
teratogens
any environmental agent that causes
damage during the prenatal period
The impact or effects of teratogens depend on
Dose, hereditary, age, and other negative factors
examples of teratogens
drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, disease
period of the zygote can be best described as
cell division and implantation
how long is the period of the embryo?
3rd week to the 8th week
How long is the period of the fetus
week 9-birth
how long is the period of the zygote?
1-2 weeks
how long is human gestation?
38 weeks
prenatal diagnostic methods
Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, Fetoscopy, Ultrasound, Maternal blood analysis, MRI, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (ACFUMP)
low birth weight threshold
< 5.5 pounds
children who are 1,501-2,500 grams at birth… (3.4-5.5 lbs)
about 8% have major disabilities and about 11% have minor disabilities
children who are 1,001-1,500 grams… (2.2-3.3 lb)
about 14% have major disabilities and 23% have minor disabilities
children less than 1,001 grams… (2.2 lbs)
25% have major disabilities and 25% have minor disabilities
Preterm infant
born weeks before due date, may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy
Cephalocaudal growth pattern
“Head to tail”, head grows faster than lower part of the body (At birth, the head takes up one- fourth of total body length, the legs only one- third)
Proximodistal growth
“near to far”, the head, chest, and trunk
grow first; then the arms and legs; and finally the hands and feet
Phenotype
directly observable characteristics, a product of both the genotype and the environment
Maternal age factors in conception
as women get older, chances of chromosomal abnormalities increase (after 35 the risk drastically increases)
Maternal age…
is increasing
Factors that compromise socioeconomic status and family functioning
education level of family members, prestige and skill associated with profession, family income
active correlations
association between genetics and the environment that a child picks
Passive correlations
occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides
Evocative correlations
The association between an individual’s genetically influenced behavior and others’ reactions to that behavior.
Niche Picking
when children have a consistent choice pattern that complements their heredity
Experience dependent growth
Throughout life span we experience specific and
purposeful learning events that refine and shape our thinking. (SPLE)
Experience expectant growth
Young children’s brains are expecting ordinary daily
experiences for typical growth (YCODE)
gross motor skills
large movements such as crawling, walking, jumping, running, etc
Fine motor skills
activities in which you use the small muscles in your hands and wrists to make precise movements
cartalige cells are produce at the
growth plates
cartilages are located at the
upper and lower epiphyses
classical conditioning
The association between an “unconditioned stimulus” with an “unconditioned or reflexive response” and then a rewarding condition
Operant conditioning
the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers
Reinforcer
Increases probability of behavior occurring again by presenting a desirable stimulus or removing an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment
Reduces probability of behavior occurring again by presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus
sensory register
represents sights and sounds directly and stores them briefly
information processing model includes
sensory register, working/short term memory, and long term memory
Synapses
spaces between neurons where transmissions are sent via chemical reactions
Myelination
neurons develop their myelin sheath
Myelin sheath
an insulation around nerves that allows impulses to transmit quickly
synaptic pruning
neurons that aren’t stimulated lose their synapses
underextension
applying words too narrowly
overextension
applying words too broadly
Affordances
“action possibilities” that a situation offers an organism (ex: pressing a button)
