Child Development Lectures 7 and 8 Flashcards
Stage 1a of childbirth
dilation and effacement of cervix
stage 1b of childbirth
transition
stage 2a of childbirth
pushing
stage 2b of childbirth
birth
stage 3 of childbirth
birth of placenta
APGAR stands for
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
Anoxia
lack of oxygen
What period of the three (zygote, embryonic, and fetal) do most major structural abnormalities occur?
embryonic
Which term is defined as, “How well a study can be repeated in the same or different forms and have similar results or findings?”
Reliability
During the last 50 years birth rates have been…
decreasing
Period of the zygote is best described as…
cell division and implantation
Leboyer birth
low lighting, slow and deliberate movement by staff, and quiet
How long is the zygotic period?
7-14 days
Tobacco is most commonly associated with..
low birth weight
immersion in water during the first stage of labor may be associated with..
shorter labor and greater likelihood of medication free delivery
When did natural childbirth emerge?
1960s
percent of all deliveries by cesarean
31.9%
oxygen deprivation at birth tends to lead to..
brain damage or later cognitive or language problems
Infants born at 35 weeks show substantially reduced rates of illness and lengthy hospital stays compared to those born at
34 weeks
Macrosmia
babies that are born larger than 8 pounds 13 ounces
average weight of newborn child
7 pounds 5 ounces
why does macrosmia occur?
sustained high glucose levels during pregnancy
Interventions for preterm infants (7)
Parent training in caregiving, NICU, respirator, feeding tube, intravenous medication, special infant stimulation, kangaroo or skin-to-skin contact
Approaches to childbirth
natural childbirth, birthing classes, relaxing and breathing techniques, labor coach (NC,BC,RBT,LC)
Medical interventions in childbirth
fetal monitoring, medication, instrument delivery, induced labor (FmMiDiL)
Unnecessary caesarean sections can increase the risk of
maternal morbidity, neonatal death and neonatal admission to an intensive care unit. (MM,ND,NA)
How much height do babies gain from birth to one year?
50%
How much height do babies gain by 2 years?
75%
How long do babies gain baby fat for?
9 months
Cephalocaudal growth trend
“Head to tail”, head grows faster than lower part of the body
Proximodistal growth
“near to far”, extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk
Cartilage cells are produced at the..
growth plates
cartilages are located at the..
upper and lower epiphyses
Fontanels
soft spaces between the plates of infants’ skulls
Synapses
spaces between neurons where transmissions are sent via chemical reactions
Myelination
neurons develop their myelin sheath
Myelin sheath
an insulation around nerves that allows impulses to transmit quickly
synaptic pruning
neurons that aren’t stimulated lose their synapses
Frontal lobe
decision making, impulse control, judgement, emotion control (DM, IC, J, EC)
Temporal lobe
sexuality, hearing, emotion, language, memory (SHELM)
Parietal lobe
sensory perception, movement (SP, M)
Occipital lobe
Primarily vision
Cerebellum
coordination of voluntary movement, balance and equilibrium, and muscle tone (VM, BE, MT)
Cerebellum location
under the mid brain, rests on the spinal column
specialization of the two hemispheres
lateralization
Left hemisphere of brain
processes information in a sequential, analytic way (SA)
Right hemisphere of brain
Processes information in a holistic, integrative manner (HI)
Early, extreme sensory deprivation results in…
permanent brain damage and loss of function
Sleep need to decline from 18 to 12 hours by
age 2
Night awakenings increase between the ages of
1.5 and 2 years and then decline
3 Cs
Culture, Context, Community
Influences on early growth
Hereditary, emotional well being, nutrition (HEN)
There is a relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy and
later obesity
The more information the cerebellum processes,
the more efficient it will become
Marasmus
low essential nutrients
Kwashiorkor
low protein
Food insecurity
lack of access to food
Iron-deficiency anemia
blood lacks healthy red blood cells
children who are 1,501-2,500 grams at birth… (3.4-5.5 lbs)
about 8% have major disabilities and about 11% have minor disabilities
children who are 1,001-1,500 grams… (2.2-3.3 lb)
about 14% have major disabilities and 23% have minor disabilities
children less than 1,001 grams… (2.2 lbs)
25% have major disabilities and 25% have minor disabilities
Causes of anoxia
Squeezing by umbilical cord, placenta abruptio, placenta previa, failing to breathe after birth, respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
preterm infants
born weeks before due date, may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy
small for date infants
may be born at due date or preterm, below expected weight, might have weakened abilities to manage stress
