Child Development Lectures 5 and 6 Flashcards
Maternal age factors in conception
as women get older, chances of chromosomal abnormalities increase
Factors that compromise socioeconomic status and family functioning
education level of family members, prestige and skill associated with profession, family income (ELF, FI, PS)
Heritability genetics
investigates the contribution of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities
Heritability estimate
explores whether differences in traits in a population are due to genetics
Kinship studies
studies family members to get a better understanding of genetics
Niche Picking
when children have a consistent choice pattern that complements their heredity
Genetic–environmental correlation is viewed as..
driven by genetics
Epigensis
interplay or bi-directional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.
Concordance
consistency
Active correlations
association between genetics and the environment that a child picks
Passive correlations
occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides
Evocative correlations
The association between an individual’s genetically influenced behavior and others’ reactions to that behavior.
When is the right time to start a family?
best time to conceive is 24-26
male reproductivity begins to decline at what age?
30
how does the zygote implant?
moves down fallopian tube, duplicates slowly at first and then more rapidly
Blastocyst
Ball of cells that forms 5-6 days into pregnancy
process of Implantation for blastocyst
At the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining
Age of viability
26+ weeks
how long is the period of dividing zygote and implantation?
1-2 weeks
The embryonic period is
weeks 3-8
The fetal period is
weeks 9-birth
teratogen
any environmental agent that causes
damage during the prenatal period.
The impact or effects of teratogens depend on
Dose, hereditary, age, and other negative factors (DHA)
examples of teratogens
drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, disease
other maternal factors
exercise, nutrition, stress, blood incompatibility, maternal age and previous births (ENSBiNaPb)
How do stress hormones affect pregnancy?
cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity
how does maternal emotional stress effect pregnancy?
Predicts negative emotions in children
Stress related prenatal complications can be greatly reduced when
mothers receive support from family members and friends.
most frequent complication from advanced maternal age
low birth weight
3 layers of cells in the embryo
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Collectivist societies
collectivism tied to family and ethnicity values
Individualistic societies
people view themselves as “standing alone” and largely concerned with personal needs
range of reaction
our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.
Canalization
the tendency for development of a specific genotype to follow the same path under different conditions
