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Plant Biology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bracts

A

Modified, usually small, leaflike structure often positioned beneath a flower or inflorescence.

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2
Q

Peduncle

A

the stalk bearing a whole flower or fruit

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3
Q

Pedicel

A

the stalk being an individual flower

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4
Q

Receptacle

A

The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

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5
Q

Sepals

A

Outer whorl. Sepals can be united at the base or missing. mostly green or leaf-like

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6
Q

Petals

A

Modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers.

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7
Q

Perianth

A

Consists of Sepals and Petals

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8
Q

Stamens

A

Consists of the filament and anther

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9
Q

Filament

A

thin stalk that supports the anther

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10
Q

Anther

A

part of the stamen that contains the pollen

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11
Q

Carpel (Pistil)

A

consists of the stigma, style and ovary

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12
Q

Stigma

A

the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels

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13
Q

Style

A

tube-like structure between the stigma and the ovary

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14
Q

ovary

A

The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds.

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15
Q

Superior (Hypogynous) Ovary

A

Flowers above ovary

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16
Q

Inferior (Epigynous) Ovary

A

Flower above the ovary

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17
Q

Half-Superior (Perigynous) Ovary

A

Ovary is in the middle

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18
Q

Symmetrical (Regular)

A

Flower is the Same all the way around

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19
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical (Irregular)

A

when a flower can be divided by a single plane into two equal parts, it is zygomorphic, or bilaterally symmetrical, as in the snapdragon, orchid, and sweet pea.

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20
Q

Complete Flower

A

contains sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.

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21
Q

Incomplete Flower

A

is missing one of the following: sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.

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22
Q

Perfect flower

A

both male and female

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23
Q

Imperfect Flower

A

either male, female or neither

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24
Q

Capellate (Pistillate

A

Just Female

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25
Q

Staminate

A

Just Male

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26
Q

Monoecious

A

“One house” hass both male and female parts

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27
Q

Diecious

A

“Two houses” for example: One tree has female parts and one tree has male parts but they need to be in proximity of each other.

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28
Q

Fruit

A

The product of a mature ovary
Fruits always come from flowers

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29
Q

Pericarp

A

Consists of Endocarp, Exocarp and Mesocarp

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30
Q

Endocarp

A

layers of different textures or consistencys that surround and protect the seed. Like a peach piy

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31
Q

Exocarp

A

Outer layer of fruit

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32
Q

Mesocarp

A

the middle layer of the pericarp, usually the plump part

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33
Q

Types of fleshy fruits

A

Drupe, Berry, and Pome

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34
Q

Drupe

A

an outer fleshy part surrounds a single shell of a hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
Example: Peach, Avocado

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35
Q

Berry

A

Small roundish juicy fruit without a stone.

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36
Q

Types of Berry

A

True, Modified, Pepo, Hesperidium

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37
Q

True Berry

A

It is required to have a thin outer skin that is not self-supporting when removed from the berry. Examples - grapes, tomatoes

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38
Q

Modified (Pepo) Berry

A

Have a hard outer rind

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39
Q

Hesperidium Berry

A

Citrus

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40
Q

Pome

A

A fruit consisting of a fleshy enlarged receptacle and a tough central core containing the seeds, e.g., an apple or pear.

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41
Q

Types of dry fruit

A

Dehiscent and Indehicent

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42
Q

Dehiscent

A

a pod characterized by splitting or bursting open.
Can have follicles, capsules, legumes and silicles

43
Q

Indehiscent

A

a pod or fruit not splitting open to release the seeds when ripe.

44
Q

Achene

A

seed is loosely attached (Sunflower seeds)

45
Q

Caryopsis

A

Seed is tightly attached (Wheat kernels)

46
Q

Nut

A

Paricarp is hard and thick (Acorn),single carple

47
Q

Samara

A

The paricarp is tight around the seed but has a winged-like structure.

48
Q

Schizocarp

A

Carple is is split in two

49
Q

Aggregate Fruits

A

a fruit that develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower. Example: Rasberry

50
Q

Multiple Fruits

A

Formed from more than one flower. Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower. Example: Pineapple

51
Q

Dispersal methods of fruits and seeds.

A

Wind
Animals
Water

52
Q

Seed coat – Hilum

A

The “eye” mark on the seed left by the former attachment to the ovary wall

53
Q

Seed Coat – Micropile

A

Opening where sperm (pollen) goes in

54
Q

Endosperm

A

the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo.

55
Q

Cotyledon

A

The embryonic leaf of a seed that becomes the first leaves of the embryonic plant

56
Q

Epicotyl

A

the region of a seedling stem above the stalks of the seed leaves of an embryo plant

57
Q

Hypocotyl

A

stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root.

58
Q

What causes seed dormancy?

A
  • Thick seed coat
  • Metabolic inhibitors
  • Vernalization
59
Q

Cell walls are mostly

A

cellulose

60
Q

Primary energy storage =

A

starch

61
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll and carotoids

62
Q

What is formed during cell division?

A

phragmoplasts and cell plates

63
Q

Epidermal cells have what kind of cuticle?

A

Waxy cuticle

64
Q

What surrounds developing spores?

A

Multicelled sporangia

65
Q

What surrounds developing gametophytes

A

Multicelled gametangia

66
Q

What are the embryos surrounded by?

A

protective cells

67
Q

In what ways do bryophytes differ from other plants?

A
  • No vascular tissue
  • Gametophyte generation is dominant
  • Fewer specialized tissue
68
Q

What kind of sperm do bryophytes have?

A

Motile, multi-flagellated

69
Q

How many species does Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) have?

A

around 15,000

70
Q

What are the three classes in Phylum Bryophyta?

A
  1. Peat Mosses: Class Sphagnopsida
  2. True Mosses: Class Bryopsida
  3. Rock Mosses: Class Andreaopsida
71
Q

What is the general structure in phylum bryophyta?

A

Gametophyte thallus is threadlike, with narrow leaflike projections attached to a stalk.

72
Q

What is the leaf structure in phylum bryophyta?

A
  • No veins
  • Thin
  • No petiole
  • No mesophyll or stomata
73
Q

Rhizoids

A

Threadlike, anchor base

74
Q

Bryophyta Axis

A

No conducting tissue
May have hydroids

75
Q

Antheridia

A

haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes.

76
Q

Archegonia

A

The female reproductive organ.
it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base—the venter—which contains the egg.

77
Q

Paraphysis

A

a sterile hairlike filament present among the reproductive organs

78
Q

What are the steps of fertilization in phylum bryophyta?

A
  • Antheridium swells, forcing sperm out
  • Archegonia secret attractive molecules
  • Sperm swims down the neck of the archegonium, unites with the egg
79
Q

What are the steps of a sporophyte developing from a zygote? (Phylum Bryophyta)

A
  • Forms a “foot”
  • Expands venter
  • Breaks out of archegonium (calyptra remains)
  • Spores form in capsule
  • Operculum falls off
  • Spores released through the peristome
  • Spores grow into protonema
80
Q

Calyptra (Operculum)

A

sheathes the growing embryo.
the cap-like covering or “lid” of the flower or fruit that detaches at maturity

81
Q

Seta

A

short and constricted structure, before the spores are formed

82
Q

What are the two groups in Phylum Hepatophyta?

A
  1. Thalloid liverworts ~ (20%)
  2. Leafy liverworts ~ (80%, tropical)
83
Q

How many species are in Phylum Hepatophyta?

A

Around 8,000

84
Q

Structure of a Thalloid Liverwort: (External)

A
  • Dichotomously forked
  • Upper surface: Polygons
  • Lower surface: Rhizoids
85
Q

Structure of a Thalloid Liverwort: (Internal)

A
  • Hollow Chambers
  • Upper: Green pores
  • Walls: Food Storage
  • Columns of chlorenchyma
86
Q

Gammae cups

A

The small cup-shaped cell found on liverworts. The Gemma cells separated from the parent and develop into a new individual.

87
Q

Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerotophyta

A

Mostly on moist ground, some on trees

88
Q

Thallus structure

A
  • Mucilage-filled chamber network
  • N-fixing bacteria (Nostoc)
  • 1 chloroplast/cell with large pyrenoid
89
Q

Hornwort sexual reproduction

A
  • Foot attaches
  • No seta
  • Grows upward like a horn
  • Sporocytes form spores by meiosis
  • the gradual splitting of sporophyte releases spores.
90
Q

Phylum Lycophota: Club Mosses and quillworts are common

A

Paleozoic fossils

91
Q

What are the two groups of club mosses?

A
  • Ground Pines
    -Spike mosses
92
Q

What is the sporophyte structure of club mosses?

A
  • threadlike stem
  • sporophylls scattered or in strobila
  • Stem = rhizome with apical meristem
  • adventitious roots
93
Q

Sporangia

A

an enclosure in which spores are formed.

94
Q

Sexual reproduction of club mosses

A
  1. Main plant= sporophyte
  2. Sporangia on sporophytes
  3. Spored in sporangia
  4. Gametophyte formation
  5. Fertiliztion
  6. New sporophyte
95
Q

Quillworts

A
  • Aquatic, corm, spoon-shaped microphylls
  • heterosporous
  • no strobili
96
Q

Strobilus

A

a structure present on many plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem.

97
Q

Corm

A

a rounded underground storage organ

98
Q

Phylum Psilophyta: Whisk ferns

A
  • Main plant = sporophyte
  • no roots or leaves - no conducting tissue
99
Q

Whisk fern sporophyte structure

A
  • Dichotomously branched stems with leaflike flaps
  • Stem epidermis is photosynthetic
  • Vascular cylinder in stem center.
  • Rhizomes underground have rhizoid
100
Q

Sexual reproduction of whisk fern

A

a. Yellow sporangia near branch tips release spores
b. Tiny, dichotomously branched, pale gametophytes
c. Each gametophyte has archegonia, antheridia

101
Q

Phylum Equisetophyta: Horsetails, Scouring Rushes
Sporophyte Structure:

A

a. Upright, ribbed, hollow stems, nodes
b. Silica, chlorophyll in epidermis
c. Two cylinders of tubes: Carinal, Vallecular canals
d. Nodes, Branches, Microphylls
e. Arise from rhizomes with adventitious roots

102
Q

Sexual Reproduction of Phylum Equisetophyta

A
103
Q
A

Plant Biology (20 decks)

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