Midterm 1 Flashcards
Bracts
Modified, usually small, leaflike structure often positioned beneath a flower or inflorescence.
Peduncle
the stalk bearing a whole flower or fruit
Pedicel
the stalk being an individual flower
Receptacle
The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached
Sepals
Outer whorl. Sepals can be united at the base or missing. mostly green or leaf-like
Petals
Modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers.
Perianth
Consists of Sepals and Petals
Stamens
Consists of the filament and anther
Filament
thin stalk that supports the anther
Anther
part of the stamen that contains the pollen
Carpel (Pistil)
consists of the stigma, style and ovary
Stigma
the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels
Style
tube-like structure between the stigma and the ovary
ovary
The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds.
Superior (Hypogynous) Ovary
Flowers above ovary
Inferior (Epigynous) Ovary
Flower above the ovary
Half-Superior (Perigynous) Ovary
Ovary is in the middle
Symmetrical (Regular)
Flower is the Same all the way around
Bilaterally symmetrical (Irregular)
when a flower can be divided by a single plane into two equal parts, it is zygomorphic, or bilaterally symmetrical, as in the snapdragon, orchid, and sweet pea.
Complete Flower
contains sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.
Incomplete Flower
is missing one of the following: sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.
Perfect flower
both male and female
Imperfect Flower
either male, female or neither
Capellate (Pistillate
Just Female
Staminate
Just Male
Monoecious
“One house” hass both male and female parts
Diecious
“Two houses” for example: One tree has female parts and one tree has male parts but they need to be in proximity of each other.
Fruit
The product of a mature ovary
Fruits always come from flowers
Pericarp
Consists of Endocarp, Exocarp and Mesocarp
Endocarp
layers of different textures or consistencys that surround and protect the seed. Like a peach piy
Exocarp
Outer layer of fruit
Mesocarp
the middle layer of the pericarp, usually the plump part
Types of fleshy fruits
Drupe, Berry, and Pome
Drupe
an outer fleshy part surrounds a single shell of a hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
Example: Peach, Avocado
Berry
Small roundish juicy fruit without a stone.
Types of Berry
True, Modified, Pepo, Hesperidium
True Berry
It is required to have a thin outer skin that is not self-supporting when removed from the berry. Examples - grapes, tomatoes
Modified (Pepo) Berry
Have a hard outer rind
Hesperidium Berry
Citrus
Pome
A fruit consisting of a fleshy enlarged receptacle and a tough central core containing the seeds, e.g., an apple or pear.
Types of dry fruit
Dehiscent and Indehicent
Dehiscent
a pod characterized by splitting or bursting open.
Can have follicles, capsules, legumes and silicles
Indehiscent
a pod or fruit not splitting open to release the seeds when ripe.
Achene
seed is loosely attached (Sunflower seeds)
Caryopsis
Seed is tightly attached (Wheat kernels)
Nut
Paricarp is hard and thick (Acorn),single carple
Samara
The paricarp is tight around the seed but has a winged-like structure.
Schizocarp
Carple is is split in two
Aggregate Fruits
a fruit that develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower. Example: Rasberry
Multiple Fruits
Formed from more than one flower. Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower. Example: Pineapple
Dispersal methods of fruits and seeds.
Wind
Animals
Water
Seed coat – Hilum
The “eye” mark on the seed left by the former attachment to the ovary wall
Seed Coat – Micropile
Opening where sperm (pollen) goes in
Endosperm
the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo.
Cotyledon
The embryonic leaf of a seed that becomes the first leaves of the embryonic plant
Epicotyl
the region of a seedling stem above the stalks of the seed leaves of an embryo plant
Hypocotyl
stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root.
What causes seed dormancy?
- Thick seed coat
- Metabolic inhibitors
- Vernalization
Cell walls are mostly
cellulose
Primary energy storage =
starch
Photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll and carotoids
What is formed during cell division?
phragmoplasts and cell plates
Epidermal cells have what kind of cuticle?
Waxy cuticle
What surrounds developing spores?
Multicelled sporangia
What surrounds developing gametophytes
Multicelled gametangia
What are the embryos surrounded by?
protective cells
In what ways do bryophytes differ from other plants?
- No vascular tissue
- Gametophyte generation is dominant
- Fewer specialized tissue
What kind of sperm do bryophytes have?
Motile, multi-flagellated
How many species does Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) have?
around 15,000
What are the three classes in Phylum Bryophyta?
- Peat Mosses: Class Sphagnopsida
- True Mosses: Class Bryopsida
- Rock Mosses: Class Andreaopsida
What is the general structure in phylum bryophyta?
Gametophyte thallus is threadlike, with narrow leaflike projections attached to a stalk.
What is the leaf structure in phylum bryophyta?
- No veins
- Thin
- No petiole
- No mesophyll or stomata
Rhizoids
Threadlike, anchor base
Bryophyta Axis
No conducting tissue
May have hydroids
Antheridia
haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes.
Archegonia
The female reproductive organ.
it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base—the venter—which contains the egg.
Paraphysis
a sterile hairlike filament present among the reproductive organs
What are the steps of fertilization in phylum bryophyta?
- Antheridium swells, forcing sperm out
- Archegonia secret attractive molecules
- Sperm swims down the neck of the archegonium, unites with the egg
What are the steps of a sporophyte developing from a zygote? (Phylum Bryophyta)
- Forms a “foot”
- Expands venter
- Breaks out of archegonium (calyptra remains)
- Spores form in capsule
- Operculum falls off
- Spores released through the peristome
- Spores grow into protonema
Calyptra (Operculum)
sheathes the growing embryo.
the cap-like covering or “lid” of the flower or fruit that detaches at maturity
Seta
short and constricted structure, before the spores are formed
What are the two groups in Phylum Hepatophyta?
- Thalloid liverworts ~ (20%)
- Leafy liverworts ~ (80%, tropical)
How many species are in Phylum Hepatophyta?
Around 8,000
Structure of a Thalloid Liverwort: (External)
- Dichotomously forked
- Upper surface: Polygons
- Lower surface: Rhizoids
Structure of a Thalloid Liverwort: (Internal)
- Hollow Chambers
- Upper: Green pores
- Walls: Food Storage
- Columns of chlorenchyma
Gammae cups
The small cup-shaped cell found on liverworts. The Gemma cells separated from the parent and develop into a new individual.
Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Mostly on moist ground, some on trees
Thallus structure
- Mucilage-filled chamber network
- N-fixing bacteria (Nostoc)
- 1 chloroplast/cell with large pyrenoid
Hornwort sexual reproduction
- Foot attaches
- No seta
- Grows upward like a horn
- Sporocytes form spores by meiosis
- the gradual splitting of sporophyte releases spores.
Phylum Lycophota: Club Mosses and quillworts are common
Paleozoic fossils
What are the two groups of club mosses?
- Ground Pines
-Spike mosses
What is the sporophyte structure of club mosses?
- threadlike stem
- sporophylls scattered or in strobila
- Stem = rhizome with apical meristem
- adventitious roots
Sporangia
an enclosure in which spores are formed.
Sexual reproduction of club mosses
- Main plant= sporophyte
- Sporangia on sporophytes
- Spored in sporangia
- Gametophyte formation
- Fertiliztion
- New sporophyte
Quillworts
- Aquatic, corm, spoon-shaped microphylls
- heterosporous
- no strobili
Strobilus
a structure present on many plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem.
Corm
a rounded underground storage organ
Phylum Psilophyta: Whisk ferns
- Main plant = sporophyte
- no roots or leaves - no conducting tissue
Whisk fern sporophyte structure
- Dichotomously branched stems with leaflike flaps
- Stem epidermis is photosynthetic
- Vascular cylinder in stem center.
- Rhizomes underground have rhizoid
Sexual reproduction of whisk fern
a. Yellow sporangia near branch tips release spores
b. Tiny, dichotomously branched, pale gametophytes
c. Each gametophyte has archegonia, antheridia
Phylum Equisetophyta: Horsetails, Scouring Rushes
Sporophyte Structure:
a. Upright, ribbed, hollow stems, nodes
b. Silica, chlorophyll in epidermis
c. Two cylinders of tubes: Carinal, Vallecular canals
d. Nodes, Branches, Microphylls
e. Arise from rhizomes with adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction of Phylum Equisetophyta
