Chapter 5 : Roots Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Roots

A
  • Anchor plant
  • Absorb Water & minerals
  • Store food
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2
Q

Types of Roots

A
  • Fibrous roots
  • Tap roots
    • especially shallow roots examples: cactus and Sitka spruce.
    • Especially deep roots examples: alfalfa, field bindweed, tamarisk, and mesquite bush
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3
Q

How do roots develop for taproots?

A
  • Develop from the radicle in seed
  • May have branch roots
  • Dicots
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4
Q

Hoe do fibrous roots develop?

A
  • Narrow
  • Adventitious
  • From lower stem
  • develops from shoot tissue
  • Monocots
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5
Q

Examples of adventitious roots from shoot tissue

A
  • Banyan
  • Maple tree grows adventitious roots when branches touch the water
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6
Q

What are the structures of a primary root and origin of secondary growth?

A

Apical Meristem

Root cap

Zone of Elongation

Zone of Maturation

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7
Q

What is the Apical Meristem?

A
  • region of active cell division / growth
  • cell division 12-36 hours
  • behind the root cap
  • Cells are parenchyma cells
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8
Q

What are the parts of the Apical Meristem?

A
  • Protoderm - outer surface
  • Ground Meristem - gives rise to tissue in the cortex of the root
  • Procambium - forms a cylinder in the center. Gives rice to the vascular tissue (primary xylem and phloum)
  • Pith - present in Monocots. Center of the root. Produced by the ground meristem. Softer tissue
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9
Q

What is the root cap?

A
  • Thimble-shaped tip
  • Has dictiosomes filled with some and release the slime so the root can go through.
  • mucus encourages bacteria growth
  • Slough off
  • Gravitropism - is you peel the root cap off it will grow in random directions. Root cap has gravitropism
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10
Q

What is the Zone of Elongation?

A
  • Cells elongate or widen
  • Cells grow because the vacuole grows
  • Cells behind the zone is no longer being elongated
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11
Q

What is the Zone of Maturation

A
  • They grow root hairs that are all part of one cell
  • root hairs like a few days or weeks
  • has cortex cells that are parenchyma cells
  • Has an endodermis that is a continuous one layer of cells. (Inner Boundary)
  • The red stain is called the casparian strips which creates a wall
  • The casparian strips are made from suberin
  • The Vascular Cylinder or (Stele)
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12
Q

What is the Vascular Cylinder or STELE?

A
  • Primary Xylem in the center in an x configuration
  • Primary Phloem - groups of cells between the arms. Older phloem sluffs off.
  • Pericycle - single row of cells inside of the endodermis. Meristem tissue that helps form side roots. Starts secondary growth. Cells on inside becomes xylem and outside becomes Phloem
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13
Q

Food storage roots

A
  • beets
  • potatoes
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14
Q

Water storage roots:

A
  • Manroot (wild cucumber)
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15
Q

Propagative roots:

A
  • adventitious root
  • make more roots
  • lilac suckers
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16
Q

Pneumatophore roots:

A

Black mangrove
- nob that shoots up with aerenchyma

17
Q

Arial Roots:

A
  • English Ivy
  • Banyan Tree
    adventitious roots
18
Q

Contractile Roots

A
  • Lilies have roots that plant themselves
19
Q

Buttress roots:

A
  • Tropical fig tree
  • Helps stabilize the tree
20
Q

Parasitic roots:

A
  • Parasitic root that penetrates the stem and gets nutrients
  • Dodder
  • Pine drops
  • Mistletoe (Parasitic)

Indian Pipe saprophytic (not parasitic)

21
Q

Root nodules:

A
  • Bacteria attach to the root hairs and penetrate to the cortex.
  • The cortex grows like a tumor.
  • The tumor has bacteria and consumes the sugar the plant provides and the fertilizes the plant.
  • root nodules on bur clover
  • used to introduce nitrogen back into the soil
22
Q

Phytochromes in roots:

A
  • Phytochromes help measure day length for seasonality. (In leaves)
  • Helps detect light?
  • Taroots acts like a fiber optic cable that channels light down to the phytochromes.
23
Q

Human uses of roots:

A
  • Food - Beets, potatoes, carrots
  • Spices - ginger, sassafrass, Tumeric
  • Alcohol - potatoes
  • Drugs - Tobacco, nicotine, fish poison (Rotenone)