Middle Mediastinum Flashcards
Parts of pericardium
Pericardial sac
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Sinuses
Pericardial Sac
double walled fibroserous sac
Fibrous Pericardium
pericardiacophrenic ligament
sternopericardial ligament
Serous Pericardium
parietal layer (inner layer connecting to fibrous pericardium)
visceral layer (epicardium)
pericardial fluid between
Sinuses
formed by reflections of the visceral layer of serous pericardium
2 sinuses: transverse pericardial sinus & oblique pericardial sinus
4 chambers of heart
right and left atria
right and left ventricle
3 layers of heart wall
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
Purpose of fibrous skeleton
form loops for the valves and work as attachment
very close together
Base of the heart
posterior aspect
formed by left atrium
faces towards T6-T9 vertebral bodies
receives pulmonary veins
Apex of the heart
directly behind thorax
formed by inferolateral part of left ventricle
lies posteriorly to left 5th intercostal space in adults
not straight toward front, more towards left
Sinus venarum
smooth wall
forms wall separating right and left atrium
Pectinate Muscle
rough wall & ridges of atrium
Sulcus Terminalis
separate rough and smooth wall of atrium
Atrioventricular Orifice
opening between atrium
closes when heart pumps
Conus Arteriosus
smooth wall of ventricle
Trabeculae Carnae
rough wall of ventricle
Septomarginal trabecula
conductin system in heart w/ early impulses in ventricle
Difference in papillary muscles of ventricles
Left: 2 muscles
Right: 3 muscles
Aortic and Pulmonary Valves purpose
want to open w/ increased pressure & blood flows out
Atrioventricular Valves purpose
papillary muscles contract to hold leaflets & ensure no blood leaks from valves
Aortic area of Auscultation
2nd space to right of sternum
Pulmonary area of Auscultation
2nd space to left of sternum
Tricuspid area of Auscultation
5th space to left of sternum
Mitral area of Auscultation
Apex beat
Problem of right coronary artery
problem w/ flow to right side, impact lungs, affect node & overall rhythm
Problem of left coronary artery
problem w/ shortness of breath, chest tightness, ischimia, back up in lungs, congestive heart failure
Anterior interventricular branch
supplies both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of IV septum
Circumflex branch
supplies left atrium and ventricle
What is myocardial infarction?
blockage leading to no blood flow & cell death in area of heart
What is diastole?
period of ventricular relaxation and atrial contraction
AV valve opens
Ventricular filling (0-1 mmHg)
2nd: Isovolumetric relaxation (pressure in ventricle decrease)
atria refill begins
What is systole?
period of ventricular contraction
1st heart sound (closure of AV valves)
Isovolumetric contraction - volume constant & pressure increased
ejection phase (semilunar valves open)
2nd heart sound (closure of semilunar valves)
Cardiac Output
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Typically 5-6 L blood per min
