Middle Mediastinum

Question 1

Parts of pericardium

Answer 1

Pericardial sac
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Sinuses

Question 2

Pericardial Sac

Answer 2

double walled fibroserous sac

Question 3

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 3

pericardiacophrenic ligament
sternopericardial ligament

Question 4

Serous Pericardium

Answer 4

parietal layer (inner layer connecting to fibrous pericardium)

visceral layer (epicardium)

pericardial fluid between

Question 5

Sinuses

Answer 5

formed by reflections of the visceral layer of serous pericardium

2 sinuses: transverse pericardial sinus & oblique pericardial sinus

Question 6

4 chambers of heart

Answer 6

right and left atria
right and left ventricle

Question 7

3 layers of heart wall

Answer 7

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

Question 8

Purpose of fibrous skeleton

Answer 8

form loops for the valves and work as attachment

very close together

Question 9

Base of the heart

Answer 9

posterior aspect
formed by left atrium
faces towards T6-T9 vertebral bodies
receives pulmonary veins

Question 10

Apex of the heart

Answer 10

directly behind thorax
formed by inferolateral part of left ventricle
lies posteriorly to left 5th intercostal space in adults
not straight toward front, more towards left

Question 11

Sinus venarum

Answer 11

smooth wall
forms wall separating right and left atrium

Question 12

Pectinate Muscle

Answer 12

rough wall & ridges of atrium

Question 13

Sulcus Terminalis

Answer 13

separate rough and smooth wall of atrium

Question 14

Atrioventricular Orifice

Answer 14

opening between atrium
closes when heart pumps

Question 15

Conus Arteriosus

Answer 15

smooth wall of ventricle

Question 16

Trabeculae Carnae

Answer 16

rough wall of ventricle

Question 17

Septomarginal trabecula

Answer 17

conductin system in heart w/ early impulses in ventricle

Question 18

Difference in papillary muscles of ventricles

Answer 18

Left: 2 muscles
Right: 3 muscles

Question 19

Aortic and Pulmonary Valves purpose

Answer 19

want to open w/ increased pressure & blood flows out

Question 20

Atrioventricular Valves purpose

Answer 20

papillary muscles contract to hold leaflets & ensure no blood leaks from valves

Question 21

Aortic area of Auscultation

Answer 21

2nd space to right of sternum

Question 22

Pulmonary area of Auscultation

Answer 22

2nd space to left of sternum

Question 23

Tricuspid area of Auscultation

Answer 23

5th space to left of sternum

Question 24

Mitral area of Auscultation

Answer 24

Apex beat

Question 25

Problem of right coronary artery

Answer 25

problem w/ flow to right side, impact lungs, affect node & overall rhythm

Question 26

Problem of left coronary artery

Answer 26

problem w/ shortness of breath, chest tightness, ischimia, back up in lungs, congestive heart failure

Question 27

Anterior interventricular branch

Answer 27

supplies both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of IV septum

Question 28

Circumflex branch

Answer 28

supplies left atrium and ventricle

Question 29

What is myocardial infarction?

Answer 29

blockage leading to no blood flow & cell death in area of heart

Question 30

What is diastole?

Answer 30

period of ventricular relaxation and atrial contraction

AV valve opens

Ventricular filling (0-1 mmHg)

2nd: Isovolumetric relaxation (pressure in ventricle decrease)

atria refill begins

Question 31

What is systole?

Answer 31

period of ventricular contraction

1st heart sound (closure of AV valves)

Isovolumetric contraction - volume constant & pressure increased

ejection phase (semilunar valves open)

2nd heart sound (closure of semilunar valves)

Question 32

Cardiac Output

Answer 32

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Typically 5-6 L blood per min