Abdominal viscera Flashcards
Abdominal Quadrants
Quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
Planes: median & transumbilical
Abdominal Regions
Regions: epigastric, umbilical, pubic, right/left hypochondriac, right/left lateral, right/left inguinal
Planes: subcostal, transtubercular, & midclavicular
What is the esophagus?
Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach
Passes into abdomen at T10 thru esophageal hiatus in diapraghm.
Prevent acid reflux
Stomach Function
Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins, & chyme production
Stomach Parts
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric
Small Intestine Parts
Duodenum, jejunum, iluem
Small Intestine Function
Mixing of chyme to increase surface area
Absorption occurs primarily in the duodenum and jejunum
Large Intestine Parts
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
Large Intestine Function
Absorption of water, potassium, vitamins
Gastroileal & rectosphincteric reflex
Spleen Function
Mechanical filtration of red blood cells
Lymphatic: nodules of B & T lymphocytes
Pancreas Exocrine Function
Pancreatic juice
Breaks down CHO, protein, and lipids in chyme
Pancreas Endocrine Function
Islets of Langerhans (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
Liver Function
Amino acid synthesis
CHO and lipid metabolism
Produces coagulation factors
Produces and excretes bile
Breakdown of hormones and toxic substances
Storage of glucose, vitamin D & B12, certain trace elements
Portal Systemic Anastamosis
Esophageal veins, rectal veins, paraumbilical veins, colic veins
Celiac Artery
Artery to foregut (liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, duodenum)
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Artery to midgut (jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending & transverse colon)
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Artery to hindgut (transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum)
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
Outer layer
Controls muscle activity
Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
Controls local intestinal secretion, absorption
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Anterior & posterior vagal trunks
Intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia in walls of gut
Stimulates peristalsis and release of digestive juices
Sympathetic Nervous System
Splanchnic Nerves([reganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers)
Postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia
Inhibits peristalsis and constrict blood vessels to digestive tract
Gastrointestinal Reflexes
Enteric
Sympathetic
Brainstem
Enteric Reflexes
Within gut wall & control secretion, peristalsis, etc.
Sympathetic Reflexes
Gastrocolic: stomach to colon
Enterogastric: colon/intestine to stomach
Colonileal: colon to terminal ileum
Brainstem Reflexes
Stomach to duodenum (vagus nerve)
Pain
Defecation
Referred Pain
Pain due to irritation or distension of the visceral organs is “referred” or sensed on the body wall
**must avoid confusion of musculoskeletal pain
Gastrin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates pancreas enzymes and gall bladder contraction; inhibits stomach emptying
Secretin
Stimulates pepsin secretion and inhibits gastric acid secretion
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Stimulates insulin release
Motilin
Stimulates gastric and intestinal motility
