Abdominal viscera

Question 1

Abdominal Quadrants

Answer 1

Quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Planes: median & transumbilical

Question 2

Abdominal Regions

Answer 2

Regions: epigastric, umbilical, pubic, right/left hypochondriac, right/left lateral, right/left inguinal

Planes: subcostal, transtubercular, & midclavicular

Question 3

What is the esophagus?

Answer 3

Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach
Passes into abdomen at T10 thru esophageal hiatus in diapraghm.
Prevent acid reflux

Question 4

Stomach Function

Answer 4

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins, & chyme production

Question 5

Stomach Parts

Answer 5

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric

Question 6

Small Intestine Parts

Answer 6

Duodenum, jejunum, iluem

Question 7

Small Intestine Function

Answer 7

Mixing of chyme to increase surface area
Absorption occurs primarily in the duodenum and jejunum

Question 8

Large Intestine Parts

Answer 8

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

Question 9

Large Intestine Function

Answer 9

Absorption of water, potassium, vitamins
Gastroileal & rectosphincteric reflex

Question 10

Spleen Function

Answer 10

Mechanical filtration of red blood cells
Lymphatic: nodules of B & T lymphocytes

Question 11

Pancreas Exocrine Function

Answer 11

Pancreatic juice
Breaks down CHO, protein, and lipids in chyme

Question 12

Pancreas Endocrine Function

Answer 12

Islets of Langerhans (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

Question 13

Liver Function

Answer 13

Amino acid synthesis
CHO and lipid metabolism
Produces coagulation factors
Produces and excretes bile
Breakdown of hormones and toxic substances
Storage of glucose, vitamin D & B12, certain trace elements

Question 14

Portal Systemic Anastamosis

Answer 14

Esophageal veins, rectal veins, paraumbilical veins, colic veins

Question 15

Celiac Artery

Answer 15

Artery to foregut (liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, duodenum)

Question 16

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Answer 16

Artery to midgut (jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending & transverse colon)

Question 17

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Answer 17

Artery to hindgut (transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum)

Question 18

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Answer 18

Outer layer
Controls muscle activity

Question 19

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Answer 19

Controls local intestinal secretion, absorption

Question 20

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 20

Anterior & posterior vagal trunks
Intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia in walls of gut
Stimulates peristalsis and release of digestive juices

Question 21

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 21

Splanchnic Nerves([reganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers)
Postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia
Inhibits peristalsis and constrict blood vessels to digestive tract

Question 22

Gastrointestinal Reflexes

Answer 22

Enteric
Sympathetic
Brainstem

Question 23

Enteric Reflexes

Answer 23

Within gut wall & control secretion, peristalsis, etc.

Question 24

Sympathetic Reflexes

Answer 24

Gastrocolic: stomach to colon
Enterogastric: colon/intestine to stomach
Colonileal: colon to terminal ileum

Question 25

Brainstem Reflexes

Answer 25

Stomach to duodenum (vagus nerve)
Pain
Defecation

Question 26

Referred Pain

Answer 26

Pain due to irritation or distension of the visceral organs is “referred” or sensed on the body wall

**must avoid confusion of musculoskeletal pain

Question 27

Gastrin

Answer 27

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 28

Cholecystokinin

Answer 28

Stimulates pancreas enzymes and gall bladder contraction; inhibits stomach emptying

Question 29

Secretin

Answer 29

Stimulates pepsin secretion and inhibits gastric acid secretion

Question 30

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

Answer 30

Stimulates insulin release

Question 31

Motilin

Answer 31

Stimulates gastric and intestinal motility