Middle GI Flashcards
Secretion in middle G.I.
enzymes
mucous goblet cells
bicarbonates
bile
Digestion in middle G.I.
polypeptides
Carbohydrates
fats
Nucleic acids
absorption in middle G.I.
amino acids, peptides
monosaccharides
Fatty acids cholesterol monoglycerides
Nitrogenous bases
Water, ions, minerals, vitamins
motility of middle G.I.
moves through within 7-9 hours
Mixing and propulsion by segmentation , some peristalsis
duodenum
c-shaped course pylorus to duodenojejunal flexure
Tall columnar epithelium
duodenum secretion
secretin hormone
cholecystokinin hormone
bile from liver and pancreatic fluid
mucosal globlet cell to neutralize acidic content from stomach
duodenum digestion
primary site for chemical digestion
bile- bile salts emulsifies fat to fat droplets
pancreatic juice neutralize acid and digestion
- pancreatic lipase- fat
- pancreatic amylase- carb
- pancreatic proteases- protein
absorption in duodenum
Short villi
Sugar, fats, amino acids
Minerals
Hormone secreted by the duodenum
secreting
cholecystokinin
jejunum
villi for absorption
Fluid sodium, minimal nutrients calcium fat, soluble vitamins
Crypt sells for intestinal, fluid secretion
- washout pathogens
-Lubrication
-Vehicle for antibodies
illeum
delivers to large intestine
2 L of fluid is delivered to large intestine
Celiac sprue
malabsorption syndrome
hypersensitivity wheat gluten gliadin, resulting in immune mediated destruction of villi
lactase deficiency
milk intolerance
With manifestations of osmotic, diarrhea and bloating due to fermentation of lactose in the colon
vitamin B 12 deficiency
Megaloblastic, anemia, and Neurologic degeneration caused by demyelination
Crohn’s disease
Terminal ileum
Narrow lumen - intestinal strictures bleeding
Acute appendicitis
McBurney’s point painful right lower quadrant
Symptoms arise by local inflammatory reaction ulceration
Necrotize
Rupture
Nausea, vomiting, fever, pain
mechanical, obstructive, ileus
atresia or stenosis, stricture
vascular constriction, ischemia, necrosis
Hernia
Intussusception
volvulus
Adhesions
Neoplasms
Liver
glycogen and vitamin storage
Waste product, hormonal, and drug removal
Immune Kupffer cells
Bile acids and bile pigment
Important for lipid assimilation
Bile pigment is Bilirubin
Breakdown product of hemoglobin
elimination by feces and urine
What controls the blood glucose?
Liver
Control a blood glucose, consume glucose, or add glucose to the blood
low blood glucose concentration
Liver oxidizes fatty acids for energy and synthesizes ketones to be metabolized by other tissues
High blood glucose or amino acid concentrations
liver converts them to fatty acids and triglycerides storing in adipose tissue
Lipids convert to Lipo proteins for transport
Chylomicrons deliver, dietary lipids to circulation
How does the liver synthesize nonessential amino acids or removes excess amino acids?
By converting them to glucose or lipids
when amino acids are broken down…
Uria is formed in the liver and is excreted in the urine
the liver consumes amino acids for what
For synthesis of serum proteins, like albumin, clotting factors, hormone binding proteins
bilirubin test for liver
Assess the function of the hemoglobin breakdown and excretion pathway
albumin test for liver
total protein
Provide a rough assessment of overall synthetic function
prothrombin time test for liver
assess extrinsic clotting pathway
ammonia levels for liver test
Assess detoxification functions
HCO3 rich fluid from pancreas
Neutralize acid from the stomach stimulated by secreted
Pancreatic duct joints the common bile duct to form
Common excretory doctor, which is guarded by the sphincter of Oddi
Secretion is coordinated when
chyme enters the small intestine
Two pathways stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine acts as the M3 muscarinic receptors
Hormone cholecystokinin CCK ask via the CCK A receptor
Pancreatic autodigestion is prevented by
produced as inactive precursors called zymogens
activation of zymogens occurs outside the pancreas in the small intestine
which hormone stimulates bicarbonate secretion
Secretin
