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Physiology Test 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

diagnostic value -blood

A

understanding an individuals blood status can be of great diagnostic value

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2
Q

rehabilitation- blood

A

the oxygen carrying capacity of blood can impact a clients ability to exercise and participate fully during rehabilitation

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3
Q

blood disorders

A

anemias compromise oxygen carrying capacity of blood
hemophiliacs lack certain clotting factors and develop bleeding in the joints

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4
Q

treatments - blood

A

anticoagulants treat deep vein thrombosis
clotting factor replacement treats hemophilia

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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hematologic disorders

A

edema
Infarction
Thrombus
Lymphedema
Bleeding bruising
Shock
lymphadenopathy - splenomegaly

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6
Q

aging and the hematopoietic system

A

percentage of hematopoietic tissue decline with age plateau at 50 years

Decreased total serum iron
-decreased total iron binding capacity
-Decreased intestinal absorption of iron

Increased fragility of plasma membranes
-Rise in fibrinogen and platlet adhesiveness

Decrease in peripheral Hb and hematocrit

Decline and cellular immunity

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7
Q

Stem cell

A

pluripotent

In bone marrow

Colony stimulating factor CSF

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8
Q

erythropoietin

A

kidney

Growth factor for erythroid cell lineage outside the bone marrow

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9
Q

plasma composition

A

water 92%
Protein, 7%
Salts and gases 1%

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10
Q

total plasma protein content

A

60% is made up of albumin

Albumin is involved in osmotic pressure, regulation in capillaries

additional plasma proteins include gobulins, fibrinogen and transferrin

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11
Q

Three types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells- erythrocytes
white blood cells- leukocytes
platelets- thrombocytes

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12
Q

Red blood cells function

A

transport oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide waste

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13
Q

White blood cell main function

A

Regulate immune function

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells specific immune responses

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15
Q

Monocytes and neutrophils

A

are phagocytic

Monocytes become tissue macrophages

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16
Q

eosinophils and basophils

A

eosinophils involved in allergy

Basilophils become mast cells, release histamine during tissue injury

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17
Q

hematopoiesis take place where?

A

Takes place in the bone marrow

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18
Q

All blood cells come from a single stem cell called what?

A

referred to as the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

commits to specific fates, lineages, giving rise to distinct mature blood cells in circulation

Specific programs for the development of distinct cell types

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19
Q

maturation of blood cells in bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis cells mature migrate through bone marrow enter venous sinusoids, as mature cells

mature cells, enter circulation by squeezing between endothelial cells

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20
Q

Interpreting the complete blood count, CBC

A

The CBC is a blood panel that provides information about the status of an individual’s blood

The CBC values are compared to normal. Standard range is typically found in males and females.

Abnormal CBC values indicate the potential for disease, including anemia, infection, allergy, and cancer

21
Q

High hematocrit suggest what?

A

dehydration or polycythemia vera

22
Q

low hematocrit suggest what?

A

Presence of anemia

23
Q

High hemoglobin level, suggest what?

A

Suggestive of polycythemia vera, renal cancer, or living at high altitude

24
Q

low hemoglobin suggest?

A

Presence of anemia

25
Q

high total count of white blood cells may suggest

A

Sign of bacterial or viral infection rheumatoid arthritis or inflammation

26
Q

Low white blood cell count can be a sign of

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer chemotherapy, or malnutrition

27
Q

high neutrophil numbers are associated with

A

Infection

28
Q

high eosinophil count can be a sign of

A

Allergy

29
Q

accelerated RBC loss

A

cause of anemia

Hemorrhage internal bleeding

Hemolytic anemia- sells rupture at abnormally high rate

Sickle cell anemia- genetic

Acquired anemia- malaria and autoimmune reactions

30
Q

decreased RBC production

A

Cause of anemia

Iron deficient anemia

Folic acid deficiency

vitamin B 12 deficiency

Inadequate production of erythropoietin

Aplastic anemia- radiation

31
Q

normal cell shape

A

Uniform with biconcave shape Central pale area and red ring

32
Q

Normocytic normochromic anemia

A

dilutional anemia

Bleeding chronic infection

33
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

A

Iron deficiency
thalassemia

34
Q

Macrocytic, normochromic anemia, megaloblastic

A

Deficiency of vitamin B 12 and or Folic acid

35
Q

anemias characterized by abnormal red blood cell shapes

A

sickle cell anemia
Elliptocytosis
Spherocytosis

36
Q

hemoglobin synthesis requires what?

A

Dietary iron

37
Q

transferrin carries what?

A

Carries iron to the bone marrow and incorporate it to hemoglobin

38
Q

hemoglobin composed of

A

Four globin Chains, each centered around heme group called porphyrin ring

39
Q

oxygen is accommodated

A

In the porphyrin ring

40
Q

Spleen destroys what?

A

destroys old RBCs in hemoglobin converted to Bilirubin

Liver disease prevents BiliRubin metabolism, and gives a jaundice appearance

41
Q

hemostasis definition

A

Physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining blood flow elsewhere in the circulation

42
Q

Three. Major steps of hemostasis.

A

vasoconstriction platelet
plug formation
Coagulation

Platelets and clotting factors needed

43
Q

Platelet plug information and vasoconstriction

A

Platelets stick to expose collagen in damaged vessels

activated platelets release
-Platelet activating factor
-Thromboxane A2

Reinforce vasoconstriction
attract more platelets

Coagulation relies on those platelets and specific clotting factors, enzymes, synthesized in the liver

44
Q

Four steps in platelet plug formation

A

exposed collagen, activates, platelets

Release of platelet factors

Factors attract more platelets

Platelets form a plug

45
Q

coagulation cascade

A

All factors are proteins produced by the liver
Except for factor IV= calcium

both pathways converge at factor Xa

this catalyzes, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

PT prothrombin time = extrinsic, and common pathway

46
Q

Anticoagulants

A

heparin
Antithrombin
Plasminogen

47
Q

Endogenous anticoagulants

A

heparin
Antithrombin III
Protein C
Prostacyclin

48
Q

endogenous fibrinolysis factors

A

Plasminogen and plasmin

Tissue plasminogen activator tPA

Physiology Test 2 (12 decks)

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