Blood Flashcards
diagnostic value -blood
understanding an individuals blood status can be of great diagnostic value
rehabilitation- blood
the oxygen carrying capacity of blood can impact a clients ability to exercise and participate fully during rehabilitation
blood disorders
anemias compromise oxygen carrying capacity of blood
hemophiliacs lack certain clotting factors and develop bleeding in the joints
treatments - blood
anticoagulants treat deep vein thrombosis
clotting factor replacement treats hemophilia
Signs and symptoms of Hematologic disorders
edema
Infarction
Thrombus
Lymphedema
Bleeding bruising
Shock
lymphadenopathy - splenomegaly
aging and the hematopoietic system
percentage of hematopoietic tissue decline with age plateau at 50 years
Decreased total serum iron
-decreased total iron binding capacity
-Decreased intestinal absorption of iron
Increased fragility of plasma membranes
-Rise in fibrinogen and platlet adhesiveness
Decrease in peripheral Hb and hematocrit
Decline and cellular immunity
Stem cell
pluripotent
In bone marrow
Colony stimulating factor CSF
erythropoietin
kidney
Growth factor for erythroid cell lineage outside the bone marrow
plasma composition
water 92%
Protein, 7%
Salts and gases 1%
total plasma protein content
60% is made up of albumin
Albumin is involved in osmotic pressure, regulation in capillaries
additional plasma proteins include gobulins, fibrinogen and transferrin
Three types of blood cells
Red blood cells- erythrocytes
white blood cells- leukocytes
platelets- thrombocytes
Red blood cells function
transport oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide waste
White blood cell main function
Regulate immune function
Lymphocytes
T cells and B cells specific immune responses
Monocytes and neutrophils
are phagocytic
Monocytes become tissue macrophages
eosinophils and basophils
eosinophils involved in allergy
Basilophils become mast cells, release histamine during tissue injury
hematopoiesis take place where?
Takes place in the bone marrow
All blood cells come from a single stem cell called what?
referred to as the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
commits to specific fates, lineages, giving rise to distinct mature blood cells in circulation
Specific programs for the development of distinct cell types
maturation of blood cells in bone marrow
Hematopoiesis cells mature migrate through bone marrow enter venous sinusoids, as mature cells
mature cells, enter circulation by squeezing between endothelial cells
Interpreting the complete blood count, CBC
The CBC is a blood panel that provides information about the status of an individual’s blood
The CBC values are compared to normal. Standard range is typically found in males and females.
Abnormal CBC values indicate the potential for disease, including anemia, infection, allergy, and cancer
High hematocrit suggest what?
dehydration or polycythemia vera
low hematocrit suggest what?
Presence of anemia
High hemoglobin level, suggest what?
Suggestive of polycythemia vera, renal cancer, or living at high altitude
low hemoglobin suggest?
Presence of anemia
high total count of white blood cells may suggest
Sign of bacterial or viral infection rheumatoid arthritis or inflammation
Low white blood cell count can be a sign of
Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer chemotherapy, or malnutrition
high neutrophil numbers are associated with
Infection
high eosinophil count can be a sign of
Allergy
accelerated RBC loss
cause of anemia
Hemorrhage internal bleeding
Hemolytic anemia- sells rupture at abnormally high rate
Sickle cell anemia- genetic
Acquired anemia- malaria and autoimmune reactions
decreased RBC production
Cause of anemia
Iron deficient anemia
Folic acid deficiency
vitamin B 12 deficiency
Inadequate production of erythropoietin
Aplastic anemia- radiation
normal cell shape
Uniform with biconcave shape Central pale area and red ring
Normocytic normochromic anemia
dilutional anemia
Bleeding chronic infection
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Iron deficiency
thalassemia
Macrocytic, normochromic anemia, megaloblastic
Deficiency of vitamin B 12 and or Folic acid
anemias characterized by abnormal red blood cell shapes
sickle cell anemia
Elliptocytosis
Spherocytosis
hemoglobin synthesis requires what?
Dietary iron
transferrin carries what?
Carries iron to the bone marrow and incorporate it to hemoglobin
hemoglobin composed of
Four globin Chains, each centered around heme group called porphyrin ring
oxygen is accommodated
In the porphyrin ring
Spleen destroys what?
destroys old RBCs in hemoglobin converted to Bilirubin
Liver disease prevents BiliRubin metabolism, and gives a jaundice appearance
hemostasis definition
Physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining blood flow elsewhere in the circulation
Three. Major steps of hemostasis.
vasoconstriction platelet
plug formation
Coagulation
Platelets and clotting factors needed
Platelet plug information and vasoconstriction
Platelets stick to expose collagen in damaged vessels
activated platelets release
-Platelet activating factor
-Thromboxane A2
Reinforce vasoconstriction
attract more platelets
Coagulation relies on those platelets and specific clotting factors, enzymes, synthesized in the liver
Four steps in platelet plug formation
exposed collagen, activates, platelets
Release of platelet factors
Factors attract more platelets
Platelets form a plug
coagulation cascade
All factors are proteins produced by the liver
Except for factor IV= calcium
both pathways converge at factor Xa
this catalyzes, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
PT prothrombin time = extrinsic, and common pathway
Anticoagulants
heparin
Antithrombin
Plasminogen
Endogenous anticoagulants
heparin
Antithrombin III
Protein C
Prostacyclin
endogenous fibrinolysis factors
Plasminogen and plasmin
Tissue plasminogen activator tPA
