Homeostasis of blood Flashcards
Hyperemia
accumulation of blood in peripheral circulation
Active or passive
Acute or chronic
Active hyperemia
Dilation of arterioles and influx of blood in capillaries
Blushing or exercise
-Mediated by neural signs- relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
Feature of acute inflammation
Passive hyperemia
congestion
by venous back pressure
chronic hydrostatic, edema, and deoxygenated blood - cyanosis
Typical of heart failure- pulmonary edema- blood in alveoli- RBCs degrading to hemosiderin- accumulates in lysosomes of macrophages- called heart failure cells are seen in mucus
Hemorrhage for capillary
pinpoint droplets of blood on the surface of the skin or mucosa or other tissues
can be because of trauma , increased venous, pressure or weak capillary walls in scurvy
hemorrhage venous
they contain RBCs and plasma
clotting factors of plasma are activated on contact with tissue
clot or thrombus, includes the defect of a vessel wall
Can be traumatic
Deoxygenated blood
Does not have a pulsating flow versus arterial
External or internal Hypovolemia
Hematomas in tissues
hemorrhage can be…
Cardiac
Aortic
Arterial
Nose
Skin
Brain
Lungs
G.I. system
gu system
Uterus
cardiac hemorrhage, fatal
Gun shot or stab wound
softening of muscle after heart attack ventricular rupture
Aortic hemorrhage
by trauma, a car accident
aneurysm, wall weakening and dilation, aortic rupture
arterial hemorrhage
Penetrating wounds by a bullet or knife
Fracture bone
Pulsating and bright red color, oxygenated blood
Must stop the hemorrhage
nose hemorrhage
epistaxis and leukemia
Skin hemorrhage
petechiae
purpura
ecchymosis
Brain hemorrhage
Epidural, subdural hemorrhage
Lung hemorrhage
Hemoptysis
G.I. system hemorrhage
hematemesis-mouth
Hematochezia - fresh blood
melena- old blood
GU system hemorrhage
Hematuria
uterus hemorrhage
Metorehagia uterine, menorrhagia
The consequences of hemorrhage depends on
The amount
Site
Duration
one episode is better tolerated then repeat
Young person can tolerate better than an old debilitated one
What amount of hemorrhage can be tolerated?
500 milliliters
One unit of blood
Massive hemorrhage amount
1500 mL blood loss
Exsanguination, hypovolemic shock, death
hematoma
Causes Compression of tissues
Acute hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Stroke, death
Loss of neurons in paralysis by destruction of motor centers
Subacute chronic
Chronic hemorrhage
slow blood loss, anemia
G.I. gastric ulcer
Uterus, menses
Replenish iron or anemia is form of deficiency of iron
The transformation of blood into fibrin is polymerized by what
Fibrinogen
Platelets and clotting factors promote
Thrombus formation
endothelial cells in plasmin counteracts…
Contracts or inhibits thrombus formation
thrombus consist of…
Platelets coagulation, proteins, and endothelial cells
common sites of thrombus formation
intramural thrombi of heart
valvular thrombi of heart
Arterial thrombi
venous thrombi
Microvascular thrombi
Fate of large thrombi
they are attached to the wall or endothelium, and can cause occlusion
Mediated by adhesion, Fibronectin, or fibrin
thromboemboli
Fragments carried by venous or arterial flow
Infected is septic emboli
Embolus
free movable intravascular mass
carried away by blood flow to another site
Can occlude or interrupt blood flow to an organ
liquid emboli
fat
Amniotic fluid
Oil by pseudo plastic surgeons
gaseous embolism
Air injection
Nitrogen caisson disease, or decompression sickness
solid particle emboli
cholesterol crystals atheroma plaque
Bone marrow
Tumor emboli metastasis
White infarct
Arterial occlusion
Solid organs, heart kidney spleen
Can lead to necrosis
red hemorrhagic infarct
venous obstruction
A twisting motion of the organ around the supporting structure, like mesentery
organs with anastomosis like the lungs
Small infarct of intestine may regenerate
Larger infarcts replace it with scar tissue
shock
There is hypo perfusion of tissues
hypo perfusion of tissues
Collapse of circulation
Disproportion between circulating blood volume and vascular space
Anoxia and multiple organ failure
Anoxia
loss of vascular tone because of cardio respiratory failure
pump failure of heart
Cardiogenic shock
infarction of myocardium
Arrhythmias or conduction block
loss of fluid from circulation
Hypovolemic shock
Massive hemorrhage from trauma or surgery
Burns
Vomiting or diarrhea
lots of peripheral vascular tone
Hypotensive shock
Distributive, shock, dilation of vessels and pooling of blood in peripheral vessels
Anaphylactic shock, adverse neurogenic stimuli (bacterial endotoxins, toxic shock syndrome)
early stages of shock
Reversible and treatable
Organ failure present
Shock in circulation
Cardiac failure, hypoperfusion, initial compensation by peripheral vasoconstriction
Saves blood for vital organs
Pooling of blood in Central organs
Shock and kidneys
Hypo perfusion, decreased filtration, low urine output and anuria
metabolic acidosis
Low pH
Can be a result of shock
Bad filtration of metabolites like HCO3
respiratory acidosis is seen with
Carbon dioxide retention
anoxia tissue releases
Cytokines
TNF and IL1
vasodilation and increase permeability of cell membrane equals a loss of fluid into tissues
increased clotting by low blood flow leads to
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
early compensated shock
Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction of arterials
Normal BP and no signs of vital organ ischemia
Reduce urine production
Decompensated shock
reversible
Compensatory mechanism of early shock failure
hypotension
Tachypnea
Oliguria
Metabolic acidosis
metabolic acidosis
Renal failure
Low excretion of acid metabolites
formation of lactic acid
Respiratory insufficiency
Retention of carbon dioxide
oliguria
low glomerular filtration with low urine output
irreversible shock
end result of decompensated shock with high mortality
maybe aware of grave condition, but most likely unconscious
circulatory collapse, hypotension
hypo perfusion of vital organs
acidosis
anuria
respiratory distress
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
