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Physiology Test 2 > Homeostasis of blood > Flashcards

Homeostasis of blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperemia

A

accumulation of blood in peripheral circulation

Active or passive
Acute or chronic

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2
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Dilation of arterioles and influx of blood in capillaries

Blushing or exercise
-Mediated by neural signs- relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle

Feature of acute inflammation

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3
Q

Passive hyperemia

A

congestion
by venous back pressure

chronic hydrostatic, edema, and deoxygenated blood - cyanosis

Typical of heart failure- pulmonary edema- blood in alveoli- RBCs degrading to hemosiderin- accumulates in lysosomes of macrophages- called heart failure cells are seen in mucus

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4
Q

Hemorrhage for capillary

A

pinpoint droplets of blood on the surface of the skin or mucosa or other tissues

can be because of trauma , increased venous, pressure or weak capillary walls in scurvy

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5
Q

hemorrhage venous

A

they contain RBCs and plasma
clotting factors of plasma are activated on contact with tissue
clot or thrombus, includes the defect of a vessel wall

Can be traumatic

Deoxygenated blood

Does not have a pulsating flow versus arterial

External or internal Hypovolemia

Hematomas in tissues

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6
Q

hemorrhage can be…

A

Cardiac
Aortic
Arterial
Nose
Skin
Brain
Lungs
G.I. system
gu system
Uterus

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7
Q

cardiac hemorrhage, fatal

A

Gun shot or stab wound
softening of muscle after heart attack ventricular rupture

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8
Q

Aortic hemorrhage

A

by trauma, a car accident
aneurysm, wall weakening and dilation, aortic rupture

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9
Q

arterial hemorrhage

A

Penetrating wounds by a bullet or knife
Fracture bone
Pulsating and bright red color, oxygenated blood
Must stop the hemorrhage

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10
Q

nose hemorrhage

A

epistaxis and leukemia

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11
Q

Skin hemorrhage

A

petechiae
purpura
ecchymosis

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12
Q

Brain hemorrhage

A

Epidural, subdural hemorrhage

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13
Q

Lung hemorrhage

A

Hemoptysis

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14
Q

G.I. system hemorrhage

A

hematemesis-mouth

Hematochezia - fresh blood
melena- old blood

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15
Q

GU system hemorrhage

A

Hematuria

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16
Q

uterus hemorrhage

A

Metorehagia uterine, menorrhagia

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17
Q

The consequences of hemorrhage depends on

A

The amount
Site
Duration

one episode is better tolerated then repeat

Young person can tolerate better than an old debilitated one

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18
Q

What amount of hemorrhage can be tolerated?

A

500 milliliters
One unit of blood

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19
Q

Massive hemorrhage amount

A

1500 mL blood loss

Exsanguination, hypovolemic shock, death

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20
Q

hematoma

A

Causes Compression of tissues

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21
Q

Acute hemorrhage

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Stroke, death

Loss of neurons in paralysis by destruction of motor centers

Subacute chronic

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22
Q

Chronic hemorrhage

A

slow blood loss, anemia

G.I. gastric ulcer
Uterus, menses
Replenish iron or anemia is form of deficiency of iron

23
Q

The transformation of blood into fibrin is polymerized by what

A

Fibrinogen

24
Q

Platelets and clotting factors promote

A

Thrombus formation

25
Q

endothelial cells in plasmin counteracts…

A

Contracts or inhibits thrombus formation

26
Q

thrombus consist of…

A

Platelets coagulation, proteins, and endothelial cells

27
Q

common sites of thrombus formation

A

intramural thrombi of heart

valvular thrombi of heart

Arterial thrombi

venous thrombi

Microvascular thrombi

28
Q

Fate of large thrombi

A

they are attached to the wall or endothelium, and can cause occlusion

Mediated by adhesion, Fibronectin, or fibrin

29
Q

thromboemboli

A

Fragments carried by venous or arterial flow

Infected is septic emboli

30
Q

Embolus

A

free movable intravascular mass

carried away by blood flow to another site

Can occlude or interrupt blood flow to an organ

31
Q

liquid emboli

A

fat
Amniotic fluid
Oil by pseudo plastic surgeons

32
Q

gaseous embolism

A

Air injection
Nitrogen caisson disease, or decompression sickness

33
Q

solid particle emboli

A

cholesterol crystals atheroma plaque

Bone marrow

Tumor emboli metastasis

34
Q

White infarct

A

Arterial occlusion

Solid organs, heart kidney spleen

Can lead to necrosis

35
Q

red hemorrhagic infarct

A

venous obstruction

A twisting motion of the organ around the supporting structure, like mesentery

organs with anastomosis like the lungs

Small infarct of intestine may regenerate

Larger infarcts replace it with scar tissue

36
Q

shock

A

There is hypo perfusion of tissues

37
Q

hypo perfusion of tissues

A

Collapse of circulation
Disproportion between circulating blood volume and vascular space
Anoxia and multiple organ failure

38
Q

Anoxia

A

loss of vascular tone because of cardio respiratory failure

39
Q

pump failure of heart

A

Cardiogenic shock

infarction of myocardium
Arrhythmias or conduction block

40
Q

loss of fluid from circulation

A

Hypovolemic shock

Massive hemorrhage from trauma or surgery

Burns

Vomiting or diarrhea

41
Q

lots of peripheral vascular tone

A

Hypotensive shock

Distributive, shock, dilation of vessels and pooling of blood in peripheral vessels

Anaphylactic shock, adverse neurogenic stimuli (bacterial endotoxins, toxic shock syndrome)

42
Q

early stages of shock

A

Reversible and treatable
Organ failure present

43
Q

Shock in circulation

A

Cardiac failure, hypoperfusion, initial compensation by peripheral vasoconstriction

Saves blood for vital organs
Pooling of blood in Central organs

44
Q

Shock and kidneys

A

Hypo perfusion, decreased filtration, low urine output and anuria

45
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Low pH
Can be a result of shock
Bad filtration of metabolites like HCO3

46
Q

respiratory acidosis is seen with

A

Carbon dioxide retention

47
Q

anoxia tissue releases

A

Cytokines
TNF and IL1
vasodilation and increase permeability of cell membrane equals a loss of fluid into tissues

48
Q

increased clotting by low blood flow leads to

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

49
Q

early compensated shock

A

Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction of arterials
Normal BP and no signs of vital organ ischemia
Reduce urine production

50
Q

Decompensated shock

A

reversible
Compensatory mechanism of early shock failure

hypotension
Tachypnea
Oliguria
Metabolic acidosis

51
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Renal failure
Low excretion of acid metabolites
formation of lactic acid
Respiratory insufficiency
Retention of carbon dioxide

52
Q

oliguria

A

low glomerular filtration with low urine output

53
Q

irreversible shock

A

end result of decompensated shock with high mortality

maybe aware of grave condition, but most likely unconscious

circulatory collapse, hypotension

hypo perfusion of vital organs

acidosis
anuria

respiratory distress

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Physiology Test 2 (12 decks)

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