Diabetes

Question 1

Pancreas cells

Answer 1

Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells secrete insulin
Delta cells secrete somatostatin

Question 2

Glucagon

Answer 2

Facilitates glucose release into the body

Stimulus- decreased blood glucose
Target- liver, adipose tissue, glucose synthesis, glycogen breakdown, elevate blood glucose concentration

Controlled by somatostatin, which inhibits production of glucagon and insulin

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

Stimulus- increase blood glucose level, increased blood amino acids

Targets most cells of the body - facilitating glucose uptake storage of fat and glycogen

Interaction with tyrosine kinase

Controlled by somatostatin, which inhibits production of glucagon and insulin

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

Synthesis of large biomolecules from smaller ones
Requires input of energy
Fed State

Question 6

Catabolism

Answer 6

Breakdown of large biomolecules into smaller ones
Releases energy
Fasting state

Question 7

Carbohydrates in Fed state

Answer 7

Used immediately for energy through aerobic pathways

Use for Lipoproteins synthesis in liver

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscle glycogenesis

Excess converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

Question 8

Carbohydrates in fasted state metabolism

Answer 8

Glycogen polymers broken down, glycogenolysis, to glucose in liver and kidney or to glucose six phosphate for use in glycolysis

Question 9

Carbohydrates, absorbed as

Answer 9

Glucose primarily
Fructose
Galactose

Question 10

Proteins, absorbed as

Answer 10

Amino acids primarily
Small peptides

Question 11

Proteins in fed state metabolism

Answer 11

Most amino acids go to tissues for proteins synthesis in liver to intermediates for aerobic metabolism, deamination

Excess converted to fat and started adipose tissue lipogenesis

Question 12

Proteins in fasted state metabolism

Answer 12

Proteins, broken down into amino acids
Amino acids deaminated in liver for ATP production, or used to make glucose gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Fats absorbed as

Answer 13

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Cholesterol

Question 14

Fats fed states metabolism

Answer 14

Stored as triglycerides, primarily in the liver and Adipose tissue lipogenesis

Cholesterol use for steroid synthesis or as a membrane components

Fatty acids used for Lipoproteins and eicosanoid synthesis

Question 15

Fats fasted, state metabolism

Answer 15

Triglycerides, broken down into fatty acids and glycerol lipolysis

Fatty acids used for ATP production through aerobic pathways beta oxidation

Question 16

Fed state

Answer 16

Insulin dominate
Decreases plasma glucose

Question 17

Fasting state

Answer 17

Glucagon dominates

Helps maintain adequate plasma glucose by promoting
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis

Question 18

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 18

Abnormally elevated plasma glucose concentration, or hyperglycemia

Question 19

Complications of diabetes

Answer 19

Eyes
Blood vessels accelerated atherosclerosis
Kidneys, nephron damage
Nervous system polyneuropathy
Diabetic cardiomyopathy

Chronic systemic disorder
Hyperglycemia
Carbohydrate, protein, and fat, metabolism affected

Question 20

If there is an impaired glucose uptake, the body will do what?

Answer 20

The body will secrete more insulin, hyperinsulinemia, in an effort to bring the blood glucose level down

The pancreas eventually cannot produce insulin

Question 21

Diabetes type one versus type two

Answer 21

Type one diabetes mellitus- 90% insulin deficiency from auto immune destruction of beta cells

Type two diabetes mellitus -insulin resistant diabetes

Question 22

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

4% of pregnancies

Baby over 9 pounds six weeks after pregnancy normal or reclassify the diabetes mellitus

Question 23

Testing for diabetes

Answer 23

Hemoglobin A1C
Fasting plasma glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 24

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 24

Reflects glucose level over the past 8 to 12 weeks

Normal A1c level is below 5.7% equivalent to 97 mg/dL of glucose

Question 25

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer 25

Test- eight hours of fasting blood drawn in the morning

Normal value is less than 100 mg/dL

Question 26

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 26

Fasted for eight hours

Two hours after drinking a liquid containing 75 g of glucose

Normal less than 140 mg /dL

Question 27

Prediabetes

Answer 27

Hemoglobin A1C 5.7-6.4%
Fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL
Two hour random plasma 140-199 mg/dL glucose

Question 28

Diabetes mellitus testing numbers

Answer 28

Hemoglobin A1C > 6.5%
Fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL
Two hour- 200 mg/dL glucose

Question 29

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 29

Genetic predisposition sometime, preceded by a viral infection, often in childhood juvenile on set

Without insulin sells, go into fasted state metabolism
protein metabolism
Fat metabolism
Glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia
Brain metabolism, excessive eating
Osmotic, diuresis and polyuria
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis

Breakdown of fat so ketones can be used for energy but ketones are also acids and lead to ketoacidosis fruity breath

Question 30

Type two diabetes treatment

Answer 30

First therapy- exercise and weight loss

Drugs
Stimulate beta cells, secretion of insulin
Slow digestion, or absorption of carbohydrates
Inhibit, hepatic glucose output
Make target tissues, more responsive to insulin
Promote glucose excretion in urine
Mimic endogenous hormones- amylin, and cretin mimetics