GI

Question 1

Main functions of the GIT

Answer 1

ingestion
Mastication
Deglutition
Digestion
absorption
Excretion

Question 2

Clinical manifestations of disease

Answer 2

nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia cachexia
Constipation
Dysphagia
achalasia
Heartburn
G.I. bleeding
Abdominal pain

Question 3

nausea

Answer 3

Strong emotions
MI
diabetic acidosis
Ménière’s disease
hepatobiliary
pancreatic

Question 4

Vomiting

Answer 4

electrolyte and fluid imbalance
pulmonary aspiration
Esophagus rupture

Question 5

Diarrhea

Answer 5

Acidosis from bicarbonate depletion

Question 6

anorexia cachexia

Answer 6

Increase metabolic rate due to tumor cells

Question 7

Abdominal pain

Answer 7

Mechanical pain stretching
inflammatory pain

Question 8

Achalasia

Answer 8

Reported feeling of fullness as LES fails to relax

Question 9

aging of the GIT

Answer 9

changes begin before age 50 or earlier

Oral changes, altered tooth decay, taste buds, decreased salivation

Dysmotility and emptying

Slow absorption of nutrients

B12 deficiency

Question 10

main exocrine and endocrine

Answer 10

salivary glands
Stomach
Small intestine

Question 11

Salivary glands

Answer 11

amylase- digestion of starch

Question 12

stomach

Answer 12

Pepsin- digestion of proteins
Gastrin- released from the pyloric glandular cells- simulates the production of HCl in stomach
intrinsic factor - produced by parietal cells, absorption of vitamin B 12

Question 13

Small intestine

Answer 13

enterokinase- Activates pancreatic enzymes
cholecystokinin- gallbladder contraction + pancreatic secretion of bicarbonates
secretin- stimulates the creation of Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 14

three divisions of the GIT

Answer 14

Upper middle lower

Question 15

Upper division

Answer 15

mouth esophagus stomach
Initial digestion

Question 16

middle division

Answer 16

Small intestine
Most digestion and absorption

Question 17

lower division

Answer 17

Large intestines
Absorption storage and elimination

Question 18

four layers of the wall of the GIT

Answer 18

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Question 19

mucosa

Answer 19

interlining faces the lumen

Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria connective tissue
Muscularis Mucosa

Question 20

Submucosa

Answer 20

Submucosal plexus
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels, lymphoid tissue, Peyer’s patches
Enteric nervous system Meissner’s plexus

Question 21

muscularis extrernus

Answer 21

smooth muscle

Inner circular layer

Myenteric plexus sandwiched between these layers

Outer longitudinal layer

Question 22

Serosa

Answer 22

Connective tissue
Continuation of peritoneum
Forms folds called mesentery

Question 23

cells of mouth to esophagus

Answer 23

Squamous

Question 24

cells of stomach to anus

Answer 24

Cuboidal glandular
Squamous at the end

Question 25

supradiaphragmatic muscularis cover

Answer 25

Adventitia

Question 26

infradiaphragmatic, muscularis cover

Answer 26

Peritoneum

Question 27

mucosa layer

Answer 27

rugae
plicae
villi
invaginations

Question 28

accessory organs

Answer 28

liver
gallbaldder
Pancreas

Question 29

Liver

Answer 29

carb/lipid/protein metabolism
Glycogen and vitamin storage
Bile production
Waste product, hormonal and drug removal

Question 30

pancreas

Answer 30

Pancreatic alpha amylase
lipase
Nuclease proteases