GI Flashcards
Main functions of the GIT
ingestion
Mastication
Deglutition
Digestion
absorption
Excretion
Clinical manifestations of disease
nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia cachexia
Constipation
Dysphagia
achalasia
Heartburn
G.I. bleeding
Abdominal pain
nausea
Strong emotions
MI
diabetic acidosis
Ménière’s disease
hepatobiliary
pancreatic
Vomiting
electrolyte and fluid imbalance
pulmonary aspiration
Esophagus rupture
Diarrhea
Acidosis from bicarbonate depletion
anorexia cachexia
Increase metabolic rate due to tumor cells
Abdominal pain
Mechanical pain stretching
inflammatory pain
Achalasia
Reported feeling of fullness as LES fails to relax
aging of the GIT
changes begin before age 50 or earlier
Oral changes, altered tooth decay, taste buds, decreased salivation
Dysmotility and emptying
Slow absorption of nutrients
B12 deficiency
main exocrine and endocrine
salivary glands
Stomach
Small intestine
Salivary glands
amylase- digestion of starch
stomach
Pepsin- digestion of proteins
Gastrin- released from the pyloric glandular cells- simulates the production of HCl in stomach
intrinsic factor - produced by parietal cells, absorption of vitamin B 12
Small intestine
enterokinase- Activates pancreatic enzymes
cholecystokinin- gallbladder contraction + pancreatic secretion of bicarbonates
secretin- stimulates the creation of Trypsin and chymotrypsin
three divisions of the GIT
Upper middle lower
Upper division
mouth esophagus stomach
Initial digestion
middle division
Small intestine
Most digestion and absorption
lower division
Large intestines
Absorption storage and elimination
four layers of the wall of the GIT
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
mucosa
interlining faces the lumen
Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria connective tissue
Muscularis Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosal plexus
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels, lymphoid tissue, Peyer’s patches
Enteric nervous system Meissner’s plexus
muscularis extrernus
smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Myenteric plexus sandwiched between these layers
Outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
Connective tissue
Continuation of peritoneum
Forms folds called mesentery
cells of mouth to esophagus
Squamous
cells of stomach to anus
Cuboidal glandular
Squamous at the end
supradiaphragmatic muscularis cover
Adventitia
infradiaphragmatic, muscularis cover
Peritoneum
mucosa layer
rugae
plicae
villi
invaginations
accessory organs
liver
gallbaldder
Pancreas
Liver
carb/lipid/protein metabolism
Glycogen and vitamin storage
Bile production
Waste product, hormonal and drug removal
pancreas
Pancreatic alpha amylase
lipase
Nuclease proteases
