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Physiology Test 2 > Endocrines > Flashcards

Endocrines Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary axis

A

Releasing hormones stimulates synthesis and secretion disorders
Inhibiting hormones prevent synthesis and secretion

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2
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus acting on anterior lobe

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibitory hormone

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3
Q

Growth hormone stimulus

A

Stimulus
-growth hormone releasing hormone From hypothalamus
-fasting low sugar and vigorous exercise
-grhelin secreted in stomach

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4
Q

Growth hormone inhibited by

A

Somatostatin/ growth hormone inhibitory hormone
GH inhibits GHRH

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5
Q

Growth hormone over the years

A

Peaks at teenage years, every 3 to 5 hours, highest peak, one hour after onset of sleep

Released by somatotrophs

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6
Q

Action of growth hormone

A

increases in muscle mass
decrease adipose tissue
Increase linear growth of bone
Increase cell number and cell size
Proteins synthesis and gluconeogenesis

T3 is needed for GH to work

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7
Q

Action of growth hormone on muscles and adipose tissue

A

Muscle- increase muscle mass- Decreasing glucose uptake, increase amino acid uptake, increased protein synthesis, leading to increase in muscle mass

Adipose- decrease adipose tissue- increase lipolysis, decreased glucose uptake, decreased adipose tissue

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8
Q

Action of growth hormone on bones

A

Increased linear growth

Increase collagen synthesis
Increase protein synthesis
Cell proliferation

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9
Q

Action of growth hormone in liver

A

Proteins synthesis
gluconeogenesis
Conserves carbohydrates

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10
Q

Growth hormone abnormalities

A

Hypopituitarism- pituitary defect, this function of the hypothalamus
Dwarfism- Hyposecretion in a child
Deficiency in adults-few symptoms cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, social, isolation, disturbed sexual life)

GH excess
- tumor of GH cells
- Hypopituitarism
-Gigantism, increase in GH before epiphyseal plates close
-Acromegaly, increase in GH after puberty

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11
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of cranium and lower jaw
Malocclusion teeth
Bulging forehead

Coarsening of facial features
Bulbous nose, thick lips, enlarged tongue

Enlarged hand and feet
Enlarged heart, liver and spleen

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12
Q

Factors that contribute proper production of thyroid hormones

A

Iron
Iodine
Tyrosine
Zinc
Selenium
Vitamin E, B2, B6, C, D

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13
Q

Factors that inhibit production of thyroid hormones

A

Stress
Infection, trauma, medication
Fluoride
Toxins- pesticides mercury lead
autoimmune disease

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14
Q

Factors that increase conversion of T4 to T3

A

Zinc
Selenium

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15
Q

Factors that improve cell sensitivity to thyroid hormones

A

Vit A
Zinc
Exercise

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16
Q

Thyroid hormone in the liver

A

Converts glucose to glycogen
Increase fat synthesis

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17
Q

Thyroid hormone in bone

A

Bone growth
Bone maturation
Stimulation of epiphysis.

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone in CNS

A

Infants- axonal maturation
Adults - decreased alertness, decreased velocity of conduction

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypermetabolism intolerance to heat
Increased sympathetic activity
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke, volume
Increase cardiac output
Hyperdynamic circulatory state

Treatment- thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine injections

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20
Q

Toxic goiter

A

Hyperthyroidism

2 to 3 times the normal size , hyperplasia
Each cell increases the rate of secretion

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism examples

A

Toxic goiter
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves’ disease (auto immune disorder)
Anterior pituitary adenoma (secondary)
Hypothalamic tumor (tertiary)

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22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease metabolism intolerance to cold
Weight gain
Bradycardia, cardiac complications
Sluggishness

Etiology- iodine deficiency, infiltrative disorders

Treatment- levothyroxine

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23
Q

Hypothyroidism examples

A

Myxedema
-Total lack of thyroid hormones
-Medication to reduce the low thyroid hormone

Cretinism
Early intervention can reverse damage
Extreme hypothyroidism in fetal life
Presents after a few weeks as they adapt with maternal thyroid levels in utero

Hashimotos atrophic thyroiditis - autoimmune

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24
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulus

A

Role of temperature
Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Thyroid Stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

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25
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Thyroxine T4
T4 converts to T3
Triiodothyronine T3

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26
Q

Thyroid and BMR

A

Increases heat production

Increases O2 consumption
Increases cardiac output

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27
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 located over the thyroid

One gland is adequate to maintain calcium and phosphate homeostasis

28
Q

Parathyroid glands stimulus

A

Low blood calcium

29
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

Make more parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood

PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood

30
Q

Hyperparapthyroidism

A

Increases PTH

31
Q

Primary hyperparapthyroidism

A

By neoplasm or hyperplasia

-80% by adenoma
-18% by hyperplasia
-2% by parathyroid carcinoma

32
Q

Secondary hyperparapthyroidism

A

By chronic renal failure

-undistinguishable from primary parathyroid hyperplasia
- Hyperfunction is compensatory mechanism triggered by Hypercalcemia

33
Q

Hereditary hyperparapthyroidism

A

Hereditary
<5%

34
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Decreased PTH
most common after surgical, exploration, or resection of thyroid gland, removal of parathyroid glands

Recover function with supplemental synthetic PTH

Rare causes - congenital, genetic or auto immune

35
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficiency of PTH hypocalcemia
- Neuromuscular excitability
- Muscle contraction spastic
- Hypocalcemic tetany
- Heart with arrhythmias - arrest

36
Q

Adrenal gland hormone stimulus

A

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin, releasing hormone CRH
Stimulates anterior pituitary release of ACTH
Target cells are the adrenal glands

37
Q

Adrenal gland cortex and medulla

A

Three layers of cortex

1 Zona glomerulosa - release mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, corticosterone)

2 Zona fasciculata- release glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)

3 Zona reticularis - release androgens (estrogen, testosterone)

Medulla- Catecholamines

38
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol- steroid
Adrenal hormone

39
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulus

A

Circadian rhythm, stress, hypoglycemia, trauma, broken bones, Burns, surgery, cold infection, anxiety, psychological stress

40
Q

Function of glucocorticoids

A

Muscle- decrease glucose uptake, increased protein degradation, decreased protein synthesis

Adipose issue- increase fat mobility, decreased glucose uptake

Liver- gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis

Bone- decreased bone formation

Pancreas- counter interacts insulin production

Increases GFR- dilates afferent

CNS- limbic system, stress hormone

41
Q

Which hormone is released in minutes during trauma?

A

Glucocorticoids- cortisol

42
Q

Immunosuppressant effects of glucocorticoids

A

Suppresses the immune system
Inhibits the inflammatory response
For treating bee stings poison ivy and pollen allergies
Helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs

43
Q

Exogenous administration will do what to glucocorticoids?

A

May shut down ACTH production and cause atrophy of adrenal cells

44
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone (steroid)

45
Q

Mineralocorticoids stimulus

A

Renin- angiotensin and high potassium

46
Q

Action of Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Increased renal sodium reabsorption
Increased renal potassium secretion
Renin

47
Q

Function of Mineralocorticoids aldosterone

A

Regulating, sodium and potassium on renal distal tubule
Controls BP
Maintains electrolyte balance

48
Q

Androgens

A

Estrogen
Testosterone
Sexual characteristics and function

49
Q

Hypercortisolism

A

Cushing’s syndrome- Increase secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary (secondary aldosteronism)

Adrenal tumor secretes cortisol
Pituitary tumor that autonomously secretes ACTH

50
Q

Hypercortisolism effects

A

Moon face
Buffalo hump
Thinning of skin
Osteoporosis
Excessive hairiness
Excessive breakdown of protein and lipid reserves
Hypertension
Impaired glucose metabolism
Striae cutis
Fatigue weakness

51
Q

Hypocorticolism

A

Addisons disease

Hyposecretion of all adrenal steroid hormones

Too little cortisol and aldosterone

All age groups

Life-threatening

52
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Primary-overproduction at Adrina wins
Secondary - due the kidneys, overactivity of renin, which acts on the RAAS system
- Raise arterial hypertension
-Low potassium, high sodium

53
Q

Symptoms of hyperaldosteronism

A

Hypertension, related, headaches, face flushing, hyponatremia
hypokalemia, constipation, polyuria, paralysis, cardiac disturbances

54
Q

Androgenital syndome

A

Virilization by androgens

By inborn error of steroidal metabolism
Adulthood by tumors
Affected women present with hirsutism, loss of menstrual cycles, change of voice

55
Q

Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Fatigue
Weight loss, decreased appetite
Low blood pressure craving salt, low blood sugar
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Muscle and joint pain
Depression
Loss of body hair and sexual dysfunction

56
Q

Diagnosis of Addison’s disease

A

Blood test ACTH stimulation
imaging tests

57
Q

Treatment of Addison’s disease

A

Oral corticosteroids
Corticosteroid injections

58
Q

ADH stimulation

A

Hyperosmotic plasma, Hypovolemia, hypotension, sympathetic stimulation

Angiotensin two stimulates posterior pituitary to release ADH

59
Q

Action of ADH

A

Target tissue, the kidney
Increases water reabsorption at the kidney and thus decreasing plasma osmolarity

60
Q

Hyper secretion of ADH

A

Water intoxication due to fluid retention
Hyponatremia
CNS dysfunction due to brain swelling

Manage- correct sodium in balance, and underlying cause
Rehabilitation implications - monitor for weight gain, and blood pressure

61
Q

Hypo secretion of ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus- ADH insufficiency
- kidneys fail to absorb water

Large amounts of dilute urine
Polydipsia , dehydration, constipation

Management- exogenous replacement of ADH

62
Q

Oxytocin stimulus

A

Newborn sucking breast, sight, smell, sound of an infant

63
Q

Oxytocin, inhibitory stimulus

A

Stress and Catecholamines

Moms need to relax when pumping or nursing

64
Q

Action of oxytocin

A

Milk let down in mammary glands

Uterine contractions in labor facilitates delivery of the baby and placenta

65
Q

Catecholamines

A

Released from adrenal medulla, considered a big sympathetic ganglia

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Stimulates by sympathetic nervous system

66
Q

Actions of Catecholamines

A

Liver- increase blood glucose, glycogen, broken down to glucose
Adipose tissue
Muscle
Fight and flight response - increase in blood pressure, increasing respiratory rate, increasing metabolic rate

Tumor- pheochromocytoma can lead to hypersecretion

Physiology Test 2 (12 decks)

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