Mid-Term: CHAPTER 1, 2 & 3 Flashcards
Which depressed person would the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder because of the specific circumstances in his or her life?
A) someone whose mother was depressed
B) someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane
C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance
D) someone who also had an alcohol use disorder
B) someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane
Jie had has a feeling of being on edge for several days now. She can’t think of a reason for why she feels this way. This feeling is called:
A) free-floating anxiety.
B) specific anxiety.
C) fearful anxiety.
D) obsession.
A) free-floating anxiety.
When Ahmed did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:
A) depression.
B) selective perception.
C) overgeneralization.
D) unconditional negative regard.
C) overgeneralization.
A person who believes that everything is a disaster and nothing good will ever happen again when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.
B) irrational assumptions.
One reason to question the validity of clinical interviews it that:
A) people respond differently to different interviewers.
B) people may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race.
C) on different days,people might describe themselves differently.
D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.
D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.
How does fear differ from anxiety?
A) Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.
B) Anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear.
C) Fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.
D) Anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague.
A) Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.
If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
A) suffering from a mental illness.
B) deviant but not dangerous.
C) exhibiting a typical reaction.
D) statistically deviant.
C) exhibiting a typical reaction.
A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse)for a client with alcoholism.The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug.Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug?
A) The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol.
B) The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse.
C) The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness.
D) The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting.
D) The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting.
A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety. This is most likely which disorder?
A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) specific phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
A) generalized anxiety disorder
A client diagnosed with schizophrenia has begun to exhibit new symptoms, often saying “they tell me I’m crazy, so I must be crazy.” This is MOST likely is an example of:
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) therapist bias.
C) learned helplessness.
D) nomothetic disturbance.
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
Which individual would be MOST likely to be classified as exhibiting dysfunctional behaviour?
A) a person who experiences grief immediately after losing her job and then her house
B) a person who is nervous about shopping alone for weeks after being attacked by a mugger
C) a person who always washes his hands immediately after returning home from grocery shopping
D) a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job
D) a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job
The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functions, according to:
A) cognition-focused therapists.
B) behavior-focused therapists.
C) psychoanalysts.
D) humanists.
D) humanists.
If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, which of the following can the researcher conclude?
A) Stress causes people to have poor health.
B) As stress increases, health decreases.
C) Poor health causes people to experience stress.
D) Mental illness causes both stress and poor health.
B) As stress increases, health decreases.
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalised anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:
A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines.
B) the relationships among race, poverty, and job opportunity.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.
D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.
A person is diagnosed as having severe generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder represents which part of the diagnosis?
A) primary information
B) additional information
C) dimensional information
D) categorical information
D) categorical information
Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and
A) danger.
B) docility.
C) delusions.
D) deference.
A) danger.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?
A) None of the models are complete within themselves.
B) All of the models include an element of the biological model.
C) The underlying assumptions of each model are the same.
D) Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior.
A) None of the models are complete within themselves.
A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing sudden, extreme fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with
A) panic disorder and specific phobia.
B) panic disorder.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
D) agoraphobia.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
Samuel cannot leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Samuel is displaying:
A) agoraphobia.
B) an obsession.
C) a checking compulsion.
D) nonpathological caution.
C) a checking compulsion.
When beginning to speak with a client, a health care provider says "Do you want to share a bit about yourself and why you are here?" The clinician is MOST likely conducting a (n):
A) mental status exam.
B) personality test.
C) structured interview.
D) unstructured interview.
D) unstructured interview.
What would we call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:
A) defense mechanism.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) erogenous zone.
B) superego.
A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms do not exist. The test has:
A) high reliability, but inadequate standardization.
B) high reliability, and adequate standardization.
C) low reliability, and inadequate standardization.
D) low reliability, but adequate standardization.
A) high reliability, but inadequate standardization.
Which of these describes a compulsion?
A) a thought, idea, impulse, or image that seems to invade a person’s consciousness
B) a strong fear that influences anxiety
C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
D) a thought that a person cannot get out of his or her head
C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:
A) behavioral.
B) nomothetic.
C) idiographic.
D) psychodynamic.
C) idiographic.
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A received a new drug in pill form. Group B was given an identical-looking
placebo pill. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. In this study experimenter bias was reduced by
A) having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation.
B) having researchers who don’t know who got which pill.
C) adding another placebo condition.
D) adding a therapy group.
B) having researchers who don’t know who got which pill.
What are the persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness called?
A) obsessions
B) phobias
C) panic attacks
D) compulsions
A) obsessions
Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not.
A) dysfunctional.
B) dangerous.
C) distressed.
D) deviant.
B) dangerous.
Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of your paradigm?
A) The humanistic-existential model
B) The family-social perspective
C) The cognitive model
D) The psychodynamic model
B) The family-social perspective
A therapist who has created a new psychotherapy approach initiates this treatment with a client. The therapist conducts a case study and publishes the results. Which factor is MOST likely to be present in this study?
A) observer bias
B) placebo effect
C) lack of informed consent
D) generalization
A) observer bias
Abnormal chemical activity in the body’s endocrine system relates to the release of
A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) neurons.
D) genes.
A) hormones.
Your worries are only thoughts. Don’t try to stop them Recognize that they are thoughts, and don’t let them upset you so much These statements MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
A) Rational-emotive therapy
B) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) Intolerance of uncertainty therapy
D) Biofeedback
B) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person’s lifespan?
A) Developmental psychology
B) Cognitive
C) Psychodynamic
D) Evolutionary
A) Developmental psychology
Which disorder is characterized by severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which the person may face scrutiny by others and
possibly feel embarrassment?
A) specific phobias
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) social anxiety disorder
D) social anxiety disorder
One strength of intelligence tests is their.
A) lack of racial or cultural bias.
B) accuracy even when test-takers have high anxiety.
C) very high reliability and fairly high validity.
D) large standardization sample
d) large standardization sample
Nicholas has an intense fear of dogs that won’t go away. He avoids looking at pictures of dogs, and sometimes he can’t even leave the house when neighbors are
walking their dogs. This kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder?
A) panic disorder
B) phobic disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder
B) phobic disorder
In which of these would aggressive behavior be seen as normal behavior?
A) a society that values cooperation
B) a culture that emphasizes competitiveness
C) a family that has experienced a traumatic event
D) a person who has exhibited this behavior since early childhood
B) a culture that emphasizes competitiveness
Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which:
A) personal responsibility is related to dysfunction.
B) irrational thoughts contribute to one’s feelings.
C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction.
D) early life experiences shape one’s later behavior.
C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction
What are the “Four Ds” of abnormality?
A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
B) defiance, dissociation, dysfunction, and danger
C) deviance, distress, dysphoria, and damage
D) defiance, dissociation, dysphoria, and damage
A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
Who decides the general criteria for defining abnormality?
A) medical doctors
B) psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
C) society
C) society
Cara is a successful social media personality. She is the author of several best-selling books and recently gave a TED talk on building a personal brand. She also adheres to a strict diet wherein all of her food must be the same color. Cara is most likely:
A) suffering from abnormality.
B) eccentric.
B) eccentric.
Trephining, a process of cutting holes in the skull, is believed to have been used as a psychological treatment in order to:
A) restore balance among the 4 vital humors.
B) undo possession by the devil.
C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.
D) cure a seizure disorder.
E) severe the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.
The Greeks’ view of abnormal behavior provided the basis of today’s:
A) psychodynamic perspective. B) medical model. C) psychological model. D) DSM-5. E) cognitive-behavioral perspective.
B) medical model.
Today, ________ dominates the clinical field.
A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective
C) the sociocultural perspective
D) the developmental psychopathology perspective
E) no single perspective
E) no single perspective
Which perspective holds that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes?
A) the somatogenic perspective
B) the psychogenic perspective
C) neither of these perspectives
A) the somatogenic perspective
About what percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States receive treatment during a year?
A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 80%
C) 60%
________ provides causal information and ________ provides general information.
A) Internal validity; external validity
B) External validity; internal validity
C) Independent variable; dependent variable
D) Dependent variable; independent variable
A) Internal validity; external validity
Dr. Diaz wants to study whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms relative to no therapy. What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this scenario?
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) anxiety symptoms
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which design examines the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a given population?
A) natural experiment
B) longitudinal study
C) epidemiological study
D) quasi-experimental design
C) epidemiological study
Which of the following designs is LEAST likely to have high external validity?
A) a case study
B) a correlational study
C) an experiment
A) a case study
What technique is used for reducing the effects of preexisting differences?
A) masked design
B) placebo therapy
C) matched design
D) random assignment
D) random assignment
Which of these was Philippe Pinel’s argument for his asylum reform?
A) Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication.
B) Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
D) Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is:
A) a natural experiment.
B) a matched-design experiment.
C) an analogue experiment.
D) a single-subject experiment.
A) a natural experiment.
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment
Madeline believes that mental illnesses are diseases that can be cured with pharmacological treatments. This theory is called the:
A) diathesis-stress model. B) diagnostic model. C) biological model. D) biopsychosocial model. E)psychodynamic model.
C) biological model.
According to Freud, psychological disorders stem from conflicts between the:
A) superego and ego. B) id, ego, and superego. C) conscious and unconscious. D) sexual drives and libidinal drives. E) eros and thanatos.
B) id, ego, and superego.
Adam yells at his roommate about being overly messy; Adam, however, is even messier. Adam is MOST likely exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?
A) displacement
B) rationalization
C) projection
D) denial
C) projection
Hiro was reprimanded by his boss for not working fast enough. When Hiro got home, he yelled at his kids and told them that they were grounded because their homework wasn’t yet done.
A) sublimation
B) repression
C) projection
D) displacement
D) displacement
During therapy, a patient is asked to describe any thought, image, or feeling that comes to mind. What technique is the therapist using?
A) working through
B) free association
C) catharsis
D) transference
B) free association
Learning based on behavioral consequences is known as:
A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning
C
Humanistic-existential theorists believe that psychological disorders result from:
A) dysfunctional parenting.
B) maladaptive behavior.
C) maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.
D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
Which type of therapy uses role playing and self-discovery exercises?
A) gestalt therapy
B) existential therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy
A) gestalt therapy
Carl Rogers believed that in client-centered therapy the therapist should:
A) provide a corrective emotional experience.
B) express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard.
C) give homework for the client to complete.
D) implement rational-emotive therapy.
B) express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard.
Which model has the strongest research support?
A) family-social B) multicultural C) humanistic D) cognitive-behavioral E) All of these have equally strong research support.
D) cognitive-behavioral
Resistance, transference, and dreams are aspects of which type of model?
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic-existential
D) sociocultural
B) psychodynamic
________ measures accuracy whereas ________ measures consistency.
A) Validity; reliability
B) Reliability; validity
A) Validity; reliability
Dr. Barlow administers the Beck Depression Inventory in the same experiment that he administers his new depression questionnaire. He is checking for:
A) test-retest reliability. B) predictive validity. C) concurrent validity. D) construct validity. E) internal consistency.
C) concurrent validity.
Tracey is given the MMPI three times, and the results are the same each time he takes it. This assessment has high:
A) interrater reliability. B) test-retest reliability. C) face validity. D) predictive validity. E) concurrent validity.
B) test-retest reliability.
Rorschach tests, Thematic Apperception Test, sentence-completion test, and drawings are examples of what type of test for personality?
A) projective test
B) personality inventory
C) psychophysiological test
D) neurological test
A) projective test
Which do you think is the BEST way to measure someone’s personality?
A) Thematic Apperception Test B) Rorschach inkblots C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) D) psychophysiological test E) personality inventory
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
What contributes the MOST to therapy outcomes?
A) type of therapy
B) client-therapist relationship
C) expectation of therapy’s success
D) events in the client’s life
D) events in the client’s life
What percentage of individuals in the U.S. qualify for a DSM diagnosis during their lifetime?
A) about 10%
B) about 25%
C) about 50%
D) about 75%
C) about 50%
One of the changes made in DSM-5, is that it requires clinicians to now provide _____________, in addition to categorical information.
A) psychophysiological data
B) information regarding mental status
C) dimensional information
D) psychosocial information
C) dimensional information
A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other half normally. The next day, all participants took the MMPI-2. What was the independent variable?
a. the level of food deprivation
b. the MMPI-2
c. the results on the MMPI-2
d. the length of time the psychologist controlled food intake
a. the level of food deprivation
When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict.
b. operant conditioning.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. neurotransmitter imbalances.
b. operant conditioning.
