CHAPTER 5: Disorders of Trauma and Stress

Question 1

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia,a person loses memory for:

A) some,but not all,events surrounding the trauma.
B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.
C) all events from the trauma onward.
D) all events before and after the trauma.

Answer 1

B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

Question 2

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder.When one of her personalities,Jodi,is asked about another one,Tom,she claims ignorance.Tom has never heard of Jodi,either.This is called a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Answer 2

D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Question 3

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11,2001,were those who lived:

A) near New York City.
B) near Washington,D.C.
C) far away from New York City.
D) on the West Coast of the United States.

Answer 3

A) near New York City.

Question 4

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size,that other people are distorted,and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to:

A) depersonalization.
B) multiple personalities.
C) amnestic fugue.
D) body dysmorphic disorder.

Answer 4

A) depersonalization.

Question 5

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to do so as a result of a dissociative disorder.The dissociative disorder MOST likely present is:

A) dissociative fugue.
B) dissociative amnesia.
C) dissociative identity.
D) depersonalization-derealization disorder.

Answer 5

C) dissociative identity.

Question 6

A friend asks you,”What’s the name of that Tom Hanks movie where a pirate takes over his ship and says,’I’m the captain now’?” You remember the movie and know you know the title,but you can’t think of it in the moment.This is an example of:

A) déjà vu.
B) jamais vu.
C) absentmindedness.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Answer 6

D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 7

Jacquie developed PTSD after being held in captivity for years.She is upset by what she had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving.This is an example of:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Answer 7

D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 8

What does switching in a person with dissociative identity disorder mean?

A) The host personality has put in a relatively rare appearance.
B) The person has faked a change in personality.
C) Two subpersonalities rapidly change back and forth several times.
D) The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

Answer 8

D) The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

Question 9

People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders.

A) twice
B) three times
C) four times
D) five times

Answer 9

A) twice

Question 10

What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?

A) The tendency to develop PTSD cannot be passed on from one generation to the next.
B) The tendency to develop PTSD is a characteristic located on the Y chromosome.
C) Both men and women appear to be able to pass on their tendency to develop PTSD.
D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Answer 10

D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Question 11

At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder,a therapist says,”In my experience,once integration begins,the need for therapy is practically over; later dissociations just don’t happen.” This therapist’s experience is:

A) typical.
B) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease before integration.
C) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease immediately after integration.
D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

Answer 11

D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

Question 12

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a “protector.” How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

A) Not far at all; protectors usually emerge even before the disorder is diagnosed.
B) Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.
C) Very far; a protector usually emerges after subpersonality integration and before fusion.
D) All the way; a protector usually emerges only after therapy has been successfully completed.

Answer 12

B) Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.

Question 13

Which child is MOST likely to develop a stress disorder later in life after experiencing a trauma?

A) a child from a well-to-do family who has a pet and lives with extended family
B) a child who lives with his grandmother in an upper-middle-income home in the suburbs
C) a child who lives in a poor neighborhood with his mother and father
D) a child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs

Answer 13

D) a child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs

Question 14

Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in preferences?

A) One subpersonality loves alternative rock music; another hates it but does love country music.
B) One subpersonality is allergic to cats but the others are not.
C) One subpersonality has blond hair and another has red hair.
D) One subpersonality is a teenager and another is middle-aged

Answer 14

A) One subpersonality loves alternative rock music; another hates it but does love country music.

Question 15

When Kelly was in a passenger plane,he watched as all four engines quit at once and then saw the plane explode.From 5,000 feet in the air,he landed,severely injured,in deep snow in a heavily wooded area.When he regained consciousness several weeks later,he had a stress reaction that lasted for years,and he could never fly again.The factor that probably MOST contributed to his extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

A) his personality.
B) his social support.
C) the severity of the trauma.
D) the nature of his childhood experiences.

Answer 15

C) the severity of the trauma.

Question 16

Carly has posttraumatic stress disorder but refuses to talk about it.She is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal,anxiety,and guilt.

Answer 16

B) experiencing avoidance.

Question 17

Troy has dissociative identity disorder.All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other.This is an example of a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Answer 17

B) mutually cognizant pattern.

Question 18

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on the:

A) intensity of the anxiety-linked symptoms.
B) cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms.
C) duration of anxiety symptoms.
D) presence of one or more additional psychological disorders.

Answer 18

C) duration of anxiety symptoms.

Question 19

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder.Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others.None of her other personalities is aware of the others.This would be called a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Answer 19

C) one-way amnesic relationship.

Question 20

The number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder increased in the 1980s and 1990s.Some researchers are concerned about this trend,stating that:

A) the disorder cannot be definitively diagnosed until the person has been in therapy for more than seven years.
B) there are no research studies that confirm the disorder’s existence.
C) many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.
D) this is a ploy used by criminals to try to avoid consequences for their criminal activity.

Answer 20

C) many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.

Question 21

Which approach would a combat veteran who is receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder NOT likely be experiencing?

A) antipsychotic medication
B) family therapy
C) rap groups
D) exposure therapy

Answer 21

A) antipsychotic medication

Question 22

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped.Eventually,the police find her daughter and return her to her mother.However,Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack.She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences.This is a classic example of:

A) localized amnesia.
B) selective amnesia.
C) continuous amnesia.
D) generalized amnesia.

Answer 22

C) continuous amnesia.

Question 23

The abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter has been linked to traumatic events?

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Answer 23

D) norepinephrine

Question 24

Poor health is BEST described as a:

A) stress.
B) stressor.
C) stress response.
D) stress model.

Answer 24

B) stressor.

Question 25

Which research finding supports the idea that individuals may inherit a predisposition to posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) deficient levels of GABA in combat veterans
B) overactivity in the amygdala and slowed activity in the prefrontal cortex
C) elevated cortisol levels in babies born to women who were pregnant during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
D) abnormal activity of cortisol and norepinephrine in the blood,urine,and saliva of concentration camp survivors

Answer 25

C) elevated cortisol levels in babies born to women who were pregnant during the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks

Question 26

Which of the following is a personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues?

A) They become more withdrawn.
B) They become more outgoing.
C) They become more inhibited.
D) They become more emotional.

Answer 26

B) They become more outgoing.

Question 27

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?

A) Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists.
B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.
C) Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities.
D) Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials.

Answer 27

B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.

Question 28

Trevor has posttraumatic stress disorder and reports symptoms of derealization.He is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal,anxiety,and guilt.

Answer 28

C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.

Question 29

Compared with covert exposure therapy for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,virtual reality exposure therapy has been shown to be:

A) not at all effective.
B) less effective.
C) equally effective.
D) more effective.

Answer 29

D) more effective.

Question 30

According to surveys,about what percentage of female rape victims in the United States are younger than 18 years of age?

A) 3 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 28 percent
D) 54 percent

Answer 30

B) 15 percent

Question 31

Gwen is held up at knifepoint,and her young son is kidnapped.Her son is eventually found and returned to her.However,Gwen is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack,although she remembers some new experiences; worse still,she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack.This is a classic example of:

A) selective amnesia.
B) localized amnesia.
C) continuous amnesia.
D) generalized amnesia.

Answer 31

D) generalized amnesia.

Question 32

Which statement MOST accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system,which then excites body organs to release hormones,causing even more arousal.
B) The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system,which then excites body organs to release hormones,producing even more arousal.
C) The adrenal glands stimulate the sympathetic nervous system,which then suppresses the release of corticosteroids,which moderates the stress response.
D) The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system,which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters,causing a reduction in arousal.

Answer 32

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system,which then excites body organs to release hormones,causing even more arousal.

Question 33

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster,you would be correct (based on the research)in saying that:

A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing.
B) there is little evidence that debriefing works.
C) there is strong,convincing evidence that debriefing works well.
D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves.

Answer 33

B) there is little evidence that debriefing works.

Question 34

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:

A) anxious and think they can control negative things that happen to them.
B) not anxious and think they can control negative things that happen to them.
C) anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.
D) not anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Answer 34

C) anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Question 35

Which diagnosis would a person experiencing multiple personalities MOST accurately be diagnosed with?

A) schizophrenia
B) dissociative identity disorder
C) fugue
D) subpersonality disorder

Answer 35

B) dissociative identity disorder

Question 36

When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat?

A) after World War I
B) after World War II
C) after the Korean War
D) after the Vietnam War

Answer 36

D) after the Vietnam War

Question 37

What is the first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder?

A) bond with the primary personality
B) integrate the subpersonalities into a unity
C) establish a contract with the subpersonalities to prevent self-harm
D) provide a forum for the subpersonalities to communicate with one another

Answer 37

A) bond with the primary personality

Question 38

Which conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

A) There is no connection or commonality between hypnotic amnesia and dissociative identity disorder.
B) Dissociative disorders are extremely odd and inexplicable events.
C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.
D) Self-hypnosis relies on different processes and produces different behavioral outcomes.

Answer 38

C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

Question 39

Norepinephrine is to _____ as corticosteroid is to _____.

A) acute stress; posttraumatic stress
B) the fight response; the flight response
C) the autonomic nervous system; the central nervous system
D) the sympathetic pathway; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

Answer 39

D) the sympathetic pathway; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

Question 40

Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage.MOST likely,the veterans are in a(n):

A) desensitization and reprocessing group.
B) rap group.
C) experience writing group.
D) exposure group.

Answer 40

B) rap group.

Question 41

Which of these is the usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders?

A) have the subpersonalities develop equal “shares” of the person’s functioning
B) put the “protector” subpersonality as the supervisor for the “other” subpersonalities
C) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities
D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

Answer 41

D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

Question 42

When a person feels that the external world is removed, mechanical, distorted, or even dead, he or she is experiencing:

A) doubling.
B) depersonalization.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) derealization.

Answer 42

D) derealization.

Question 43

In the reaction to fearful and stressful situations, nerves may indirectly affect organs by stimulating the:

A) ganglion.
B) adrenal gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) medulla.

Answer 43

B) adrenal gland.

Question 44

_____ is MOST common to both self-hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder?

A) The ability to escape threatening events
B) The inability to forget
C) The awareness that something has been forgotten
D) The awareness to know why you forget

Answer 44

A) The ability to escape threatening events

Question 45

Which of the following is an accurate statistic of sufferers of acute or posttraumatic stress disorder in North America?

A) 70 percent seek treatment
B) 30 percent suffer one during their lifetimes
C) 10 percent have one of the disorders in a given year
D) 20 percent attempt suicide

Answer 45

D) 20 percent attempt suicide

Question 46

Just before 8 A.M.(when my first class meets), my young daughter did something that annoyed me as I was about to leave home for the short drive to campus.”Katie,” I said, “what do I always say at a time like this?” She looked at the clock, and then said to me, “What you say is, ‘Where are my keys?’” My daughter was apparently familiar with my:

A) visual memory deficit.
B) jamais vu tendencies.
C) nondisordered dissociative fugue.
D) absentmindedness.

Answer 46

D) absentmindedness.

Question 47

A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. To determine which diagnosis BEST fits, one would consider:

A) how long it had been going on.
B) which symptoms predominated.
C) which type of stress the person had endured.
D) which form of treatment worked best.

Answer 47

B) which symptoms predominated.

Question 48

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, the stress response that is initially activated is the:

A) parasympathetic nervous system.
B) cortisol system.
C) conservation system.
D) sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 48

D) sympathetic nervous system.

Question 49

The individuals who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are:

A) female or low-income individuals.
B) male or low-income individuals.
C) female or high-income individuals.
D) male or high-income individuals.

Answer 49

A) female or low-income individuals.

Question 50

Bentley was driving over the same bridge he crossed every day on his way to work, but today nothing about the bridge or scenery felt familiar. What is this an example of? 
A) jamais vu 
B) eidetic recall 
C) absentmindedness
D) visual memory error

Answer 50

A) jamais vu

Question 51

People with _____ typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment.
A) dissociative identity disorder
B) depersonalization-derealization disorder
C) dissociative amnesia
D) dissociative fugue

Answer 51

A) dissociative identity disorder

Question 52

Imagine that you just had a “close call” while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

A) somatic nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 52

D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 53

What are the chief sources of data used to support the psychodynamic theories of dissociative identity disorder?

A) epidemiological data
B) biologically based data
C) case studies
D) large-scale experimental studies

Answer 53

C) case studies

Question 54

The group of hormones that are referred to as “stress hormones” are:

A) prolactins.
B) corticosteroids.
C) peptide hormones.
D) amino acid derivatives.

Answer 54

B) corticosteroids.

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_ is when information is best recalled under the same conditions that it was learned. 
A) Social learning theory 
B) State-dependent learning 
C) Active-avoidance learning 
D) Associative memory learning

Answer 55

B) State-dependent learning

Question 56

Which statement accurately describes the demographic differences in developing a stress disorder?

A) Non-Hispanic white Americans are the most likely to develop a stress disorder.
B) Stress disorders tend to occur only during late adulthood.
C) Women are more likely than men to develop a stress disorder.
D) People with low incomes are four times as likely to experience stress disorders.

Answer 56

C) Women are more likely than men to develop a stress disorder.

Question 57

When should critical incident stress debriefing take place?

A) immediately after a trauma and continue long-term
B) immediately after a trauma and continue short-term
C) after a recovery period and continue long-term
D) after a recovery period and continue short-term

Answer 57

A) immediately after a trauma and continue long-term

Question 58

Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game-something that left me very happy and in a high state of excitement-I sat down and studied for my abnormal psychology test. Research shows I would perform best on that test if, at the time of the test, I was:

A) happy and excited.
B) happy but calm.
C) neither happy nor sad,and excited.
D) neither happy nor sad,and calm.

Answer 58

A) happy and excited.

Question 59

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

A) regression
B) self-hypnosis
C) modeling
D) classical conditioning

Answer 59

B) self-hypnosis

Question 60

Which statement MOST accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.
B) The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
D) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop.

Answer 60

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

Question 61

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?
A) recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event
B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event
C) reduced responsiveness to the world around one
D) signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

Answer 61

B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

Question 62

A flash flood hits a small Appalachian community. Those providing a critical incident stress debriefing intervention would:

A) provide long-term psychological therapy for flood survivors.
B) provide short-term counseling services.
C) keep their efforts separate from those of disaster relief agencies such as the Red Cross.
D) focus first on the high-income, resilient residents.

Answer 62

B) provide short-term counseling services.

Question 63

Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in identifying features?

A) One personality can drive or sew and another cannot.
B) One personality has asthma and another does not.
C) One personality has high blood pressure and another does not.
D) One personality is a woman and another is a man.

Answer 63

D) One personality is a woman and another is a man.

Question 64

According to the text, psychodynamic therapy seems
especially well suited to treat:

A) dissociative identity disorder.
B) dissociative fugue.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) absentmindedness.

Answer 64

C) dissociative amnesia.

Question 65

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: 
A) stressor. 
B) stress response. 
C) social support system. 
D) potential stressor.

Answer 65

B) stress response.

Question 66

Darla thinks she has bad luck. She repeatedly says, “Bad things just happen to me. It doesn’t matter what I do. If it can go wrong, it will. And it always does.” How does this thinking relate to the development of stress disorders?

A) There is no correlation between the two.
B) She is less likely to develop a stress disorder
C) She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.
D) She will definitely develop a stress disorder during her lifetime.

Answer 66

C) She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.

Question 67

After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from which type of amnesia?

A) continuous amnesia
B) selective amnesia
C) posttraumatic amnesia
D) localized amnesia

Answer 67

D) localized amnesia

Question 68

After Caroline’s plane crashed but she survived, her mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with Caroline occasionally. This situation probably contributed to Caroline’s coping ability after the accident. Which of these relates as a factor in her response to stress?

A) the nature of her personality
B) presence of social support
C) the severity of the trauma
D) the nature of her childhood experiences

Answer 68

B) presence of social support

Question 69

Ever since Paul’s car crash, during which he was miraculously unhurt, Paul has not been the same.He forgets appointments, friends’ names, and even things done in the past few days.His amnesia is termed:

A) continuous.
B) organic.
C) circumscribed.
D) selective.

Answer 69

A) continuous.

Question 70

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder is about _____ for women and about _____ for men.

A) 8; 4
B) 8; 15
C) 15; 8
D) 4; 8

Answer 70

C) 15; 8

Question 71

What is a visual image called that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information?

A) déjà vu
B) jamais vu
C) eidetic recall
D) visual memory

Answer 71

C) eidetic recall

Question 72

A person who witnessed a horrible car accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) pretraumatic stress disorder.
C) combat fatigue.
D) acute stress disorder.

Answer 72

D) acute stress disorder.

Question 73

Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate?
A) Although psychological effects of rape can be long lasting, physical effects are uncommon.
B) Rape victims are significantly more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.
C) Women who have been raped are less likely to seek medical treatment.
D) Rape has a significant negative effect on a woman’s fertility.

Answer 73

B) Rape victims are significantly more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.

Question 74

Mason is receiving therapy for dissociative identity disorder. At which stage would family therapy MOST likely be included as part of therapy?

A) before diagnosis, for other issues
B) early on, when the therapist is trying to help the client recognize the nature of the disorder
C) after the patient has accepted the diagnosis, and the goal is memory recovery
D) late in the process, when the focus is on integration

Answer 74

B) early on, when the therapist is trying to help the client recognize the nature of the disorder

Question 75

Which is the BEST example of dissociation as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?
A) feeling that the environment isn’t real, but more of a dream
B) having an out-of-body experience
C) feeling dazed or confused
D) refusing to talk about the traumatic event

Answer 75

C) feeling dazed or confused

Question 76

In the twenty-first century in the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder has:
A) increased significantly (almost doubling).
B) increased slightly.
C) remained unchanged.
D) decreased.

Answer 76

A) increased significantly (almost doubling).

Question 77

What is the term for when all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another? 
A) coconscious relationship 
B) mutually cognizant pattern 
C) one-way amnesic relationship 
D) mutually amnesic relationship

Answer 77

B) mutually cognizant pattern

Question 78

What is key to our sense of identity? 
A) memory 
B) moral code 
C) relationships 
D) ego ideal

Answer 78

A) memory

Question 79

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a traumatic event and persists for less than a month is called: 
A) hysteria. 
B) acute stress disorder. 
C) generalized anxiety disorder. 
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 79

B) acute stress disorder.

Question 80

If you had lost your sense of identity, what would MOST likely be disrupted? 
A) your relationships 
B) your intellectual functioning 
C) your attitudes toward your body 
D) your memory

Answer 80

D) your memory

Question 81

A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing which type of torture? 
A) psychological 
B) physical 
C) deprivation 
D) sexual

Answer 81

A) psychological

Question 82

According to developmental psychopathologists, why do children tend to fare worse than adults when faced with an extreme stressor for the first time?
A) Their young age makes them ineligible for certain therapies.
B) They have not directly witnessed models of appropriate coping.
C) Their stress pathways and stress circuits are not yet fully developed.
D) They believe that negative actions are a direct consequence of their thoughts.

Answer 82

C) Their stress pathways and stress circuits are not yet fully developed.

Question 83

If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are:
A) unusually sad.
B) unusually happy.
C) moderately happy.
D) happy when you know the answers and sad when you don’t.

Answer 83

B) unusually happy.

Question 84

The network of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the \_\_\_\_\_ system. 
A) nervous 
B) exocrine 
C) endocrine 
D) autonomic

Answer 84

C) endocrine

Question 85

What percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum et al.'s (1992) study? 
A) 12 percent 
B) 43 percent 
C) 76 percent 
D) 94 percent

Answer 85

D) 94 percent

Question 86

A combat veteran says, “The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don’t want to do that! How can this possibly help me?” The BEST response is:
A) “That really can’t help you. The best thing to do is suppress your fear, control it.”
B) “Your therapist is suggesting something called virtual exposure, but no one knows if it helps.”
C) “Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding.”
D) “You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy.”

Answer 86

C) “Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding.”

Question 87

Years after the U.S.Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with melancholia or soldier’s heart still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their symptoms are considered consistent with:

A) factitious disorder, or somatoform disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) acute distress disorder.
D) psychophysiological disorder.

Answer 87

B) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 88

How much more likely is dissociative identity disorder to be diagnosed in a woman compared with a man? 
A) two times more likely 
B) three times more likely 
C) two times less likely 
D) three times less likely

Answer 88

B) three times more likely

Question 89

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: 
A) projection. 
B) regression. 
C) repression. 
D) sublimation.

Answer 89

C) repression.

Question 90

Which BEST describes someone experiencing derealization?
A) The person feels as if disconnected from his or her body.
B) The person does not value human life.
C) The person has a compelling need to revisit the same thoughts over and over.
D) The person feels as if the world has changed and become strange or surreal.

Answer 90

D) The person feels as if the world has changed and become strange or surreal.

Question 91

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive: 
A) stress. 
B) stressor. 
C) stress response. 
D) stress model.

Answer 91

C) stress response.

Question 92

Which factor during childhood has NOT been shown to increase a person’s likelihood of developing a stress disorder after experiencing a trauma later in life?
A) living in poverty
B) being required to “work” for an allowance
C) experiencing parental divorce or separation
D) living with someone with a psychological disorder

Answer 92

B) being required to “work” for an allowance

Question 93

Corey experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. Eventually, the dog is found and returned. However, Corey cannot recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of: 
A) selective amnesia. 
B) localized amnesia. 
C) continuous amnesia. 
D) generalized amnesia.

Answer 93

B) localized amnesia.

Question 94

Why do some researchers believe dissociative identity disorder is culture-bound?
A) It is rare or nonexistent in certain countries.
B) It affects women more frequently than men.
C) It has been tied to specific religious practices.
D) It affects only about 1 percent of the population

Answer 94

A) It is rare or nonexistent in certain countries.

Question 95

Which statement about dissociative fugues is TRUE?
A) They have no known cause.
B) They end very abruptly.
C) They have numerous recurrences.
D) They involve irrecoverable memory loss.

Answer 95

B) They end very abruptly.

Question 96

Memory problems that do not interfere with daily living are referred to as: 
A) peculiarities of memory. 
B) age-related memory decline. 
C) subclinical dissociative memory. 
D) temporary dissociative memory loss.

Answer 96

A) peculiarities of memory.

Question 97

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one people's": 
A) stress. 
B) stressor. 
C) stress response. 
D) somatization.

Answer 97

C) stress response.

Question 98

Which statement is TRUE regarding dissociative disorders?
A) They involve major changes in memory.
B) They usually have a precise physical cause.
C) They are a type of anxiety disorder.
D) They involve multiple personalities by definition.

Answer 98

A) They involve major changes in memory.

Question 99

A client who has been talking calmly and rationally suddenly begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced: A) host transfer.
B) mutual cognizance.
C) lability.
D) switching.

Answer 99

D) switching.

Question 100

If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from: 
A) body dysmorphic disorder. 
B) depersonalization. 
C) dissociative identity disorder. 
D) dissociative amnesia.

Answer 100

B) depersonalization.

Question 101

What proportion of women are the victims of rape at some point during their lives? 
A) 1 in 2 
B) 1 in 4 
C) 1 in 6 
D) 1 in 8

Answer 101

C) 1 in 6

Question 102

Lamar is having flashbacks. Which symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder does this represent?
A) reexperiencing the traumatic event
B) experiencing avoidance
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness
D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

Answer 102

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event

Question 103

Which is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?
A) increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
B) inability to remember the event that led to the stress
C) increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event
D) obsession with revisiting the site of the traumatic event

Answer 103

A) increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

Question 104

People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing:
A) dissociative identity disorder.
B) dissociative amnesia.
C) body dysmorphic disorder.
D) depersonalization-derealization disorder.

Answer 104

B) dissociative amnesia.

Question 105

A person who experiences which incident is at the GREATEST risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder?
A) learning of a friend who lost their leg in an accident
B) witnessing a friend die from being shot point-blank
C) seeing a friend seriously injured during a sporting event
D) being home alone when a storm damages the house

Answer 105

B) witnessing a friend die from being shot point-blank

Question 106

Which statement about rape is MOST accurate?

A) Most rape victims do not know their attackers.
B) Most rape victims are younger than age 35.
C) About equal numbers of men and women are raped.
D) About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime.

Answer 106

B) Most rape victims are younger than age 35.

Question 107

Which is NOT a treatment commonly used to treat dissociative amnesia?
A) psychodynamic therapy 
B) hypnotic therapy 
C) flooding 
D) drug therapy

Answer 107

C) flooding

Question 108

Which is the MOST accurate statement about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster, based on research studies?

A) Debriefing helps both rescuers and victims.
B) Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing by professionals.
C) Debriefing can have a negative effect on some victims.
D) Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done.

Answer 108

C) Debriefing can have a negative effect on some victims.

Question 109

Women are approximately \_\_\_\_\_ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. 
A) twice 
B) three times 
C) four times 
D) five times

Answer 109

A) twice

Question 110

What has research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder revealed?

A) Different subpersonalities show different brain response patterns.
B) People with dissociative identity disorder do not show different brain response patterns for subpersonalities.
C) No differences are found in brain activity between controls and individuals with dissociative identity disorder.
D) Control subjects who are asked to pretend they have different personalities are able to create different brain response patterns for each subpersonality.

Answer 110

A) Different subpersonalities show different brain response patterns.

Question 111

Max experienced a dissociative fugue for two weeks. What is a common immediate reaction upon "waking" from this state? 
A) guilt 
B) confusion 
C) anger 
D) embarrassment

Answer 111

B) confusion

Question 112

A pattern of anxiety,insomnia,depression,and flashbacks that persists for years after a traumatic event BEST describes:

A) hysteria.
B) acute stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 112

D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 113

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system pathway and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)pathway are termed the: 
A) conditioned stress response. 
B) stressor-stress response. 
C) autonomic stress response. 
D) fight-or-flight response.

Answer 113

D) fight-or-flight response.

Question 114

How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD?

A) Yes, the risk is great; more than one-third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.
B) Yes, the risk is great; virtually everyone who experiences sexual assault or terror eventually experiences PTSD.
C) No, the risk isn’t great; only about 10 percent of sexual assault and terror victims experience PTSD.
D) No, the risk isn’t great; the number of people in these groups who experience PTSD is probably overestimated.

Answer 114

A) Yes, the risk is great; more than one-third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.

Question 115

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goosebumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: 
A) central nervous system. 
B) peripheral nervous system. 
C) sympathetic nervous system. 
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 115

C) sympathetic nervous system.

Question 116

Many researchers believe that one reason for higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in women is:
A) the age they are at the time of trauma.
B) the types of trauma they experience.
C) their willingness to seek treatment.
D) their lower self-esteem prior to the trauma.

Answer 116

B) the types of trauma they experience.

Question 117

In a case of dissociative identity disorder, Lorna is aware of the existence of Jerry and Chris, but Jerry and Chris are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called: 
A) one-way amnesic. 
B) mutually cognizant. 
C) mutually amnesic. 
D) coconscious.

Answer 117

A) one-way amnesic.

Question 118

When a dangerous situation is recognized, what brain structure releases neurotransmitters to trigger the firing of neurons and the release of chemicals throughout the body?

A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary gland
C) medulla oblongata
D) amygdala

Answer 118

A) hypothalamus

Question 119

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, when would a subpersonality be MOST likely to present?

A) during a time of self-reflection
B) during a time of stress
C) at specific geographic locations
D) upon awakening from sleep

Answer 119

B) during a time of stress

Question 120

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?
A) They are diagnoses, first appearing in DSM-5.
B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication: antipsychotics.
C) They are triggered by traumatic events.
D) They are varieties of depression.

Answer 120

C) They are triggered by traumatic events.

Question 121

Which BEST describes someone with depersonalization?
A) The person feels anxious all the time and is distrustful of others.
B) The person is focused on self, giving little consideration to others.
C) The person feels detached from his or her own body.
D) The person feels as if the others are unreal or possibly even dead.

Answer 121

C) The person feels detached from his or her own body.

Question 122

What kind of therapy entails a combat veteran undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing? 
A) exposure therapy 
B) group therapy 
C) insight therapy 
D) drug therapy

Answer 122

A) exposure therapy

Question 123

A friend says, “If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder.” The BEST response is:
A) “Yes.In fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide.”
B) “Yes.Combat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does.”
C) “Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does.”
D) “Maybe. However, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD.”

Answer 123

C) “Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does.”

Question 124

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part? 
A) mood disorder 
B) personality disorder 
C) dissociative disorder 
D) histrionic personality disorder

Answer 124

C) dissociative disorder

Question 125

A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. What is that person MOST likely experiencing? 
A) no stress disorder 
B) severe stress response 
C) the flight-or-fight syndrome 
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 125

A) no stress disorder

Question 126

Which statement provides the MOST persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?
A) Repression can occur either as a single major event or over a lifetime.
B) The creation of subpersonalities is a conscious event.
C) Most abused children do not develop the disorder.
D) Psychodynamic therapists do not even attempt to treat the disorder.

Answer 126

C) Most abused children do not develop the disorder.

Question 127

In which racial group is a woman's risk of being raped the greatest, relative to the group's percentage of the population? 
A) Non-Hispanic white Americans 
B) African Americans 
C) Hispanic Americans 
D) Asian Americans

Answer 127

B) African Americans

Question 128

An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is: 
A) dissociative amnesia. 
B) dissociative identity disorder. 
C) dissociative fugue.
D) depersonalization disorder.

Answer 128

D) depersonalization disorder.

Question 129

Colton has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as: 
A) self-reliant. 
B) co-occurring. 
C) coconscious. 
D) mutually cognizant.

Answer 129

C) coconscious.

Question 130

What is the most common type of dissociative amnesia?
A) localized amnesia 
B) continuous amnesia 
C) generalized amnesia 
D) selective amnesia

Answer 130

A) localized amnesia

Question 131

A diagnostic criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder is the presence of significant distress or impairment for: 
A) up to three weeks.
B) more than one month. 
C) more than six months. 
D) more than one year.

Answer 131

B) more than one month.

Question 132

An example of torture through deprivation is:
A) not allowing the person to bathe.
B) hitting the person with a blunt object.
C) shocking the person with electricity.
D) telling the person he or she is going to be killed.

Answer 132

A) not allowing the person to bathe.

Question 133

Which statement is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder?

A) People experiencing depersonalization disorder remain connected to reality.
B) Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity.
C) The presence of severe stressors in one’s life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder.
D) Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.

Answer 133

A) People experiencing depersonalization disorder remain connected to reality.

Question 134

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Fiona emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:

A) avoidant dysmorphia.
B) state-dependent learning.
C) convergent variable learning.
D) neurobiological concordance.

Answer 134

B) state-dependent learning.

Question 135

The _____ is the extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) brain-body pathway

Answer 135

B) autonomic nervous system

Question 136

What happens when someone experiences doubling?

A) They show two out of several multiple personalities at the same time.
B) They are transitioning from one subpersonality to another.
C) They feel as if their mind is floating above them.
D) They experience hyperactivity of the brain-body stress pathways.

Answer 136

C) They feel as if their mind is floating above them.

Question 137

A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn’t there experiencing the abuse. One explanation for this behavior is:

A) self-hypnosis.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) eidetic imagery.
D) memory while under simulated anesthesia.

Answer 137

A) self-hypnosis.

Question 138

Which statement BEST describes the long-term effects of exposure to stress during childhood?
A) Children should be protected from all forms of stress because all stress is negative.
B) Children who are repeatedly exposed to manageable stress tend to be more resilient as adults.
C) Children who are raised by parents regularly exposed to high stress levels develop better coping skills as adults.
D) Children who are exposed to any type of recurring stress develop avoidant behaviors as adults.

Answer 138

B) Children who are repeatedly exposed to manageable stress tend to be more resilient as adults.

Question 139

In the course of treatment for identity disorder, fusion is:
A) a significant, but short-term, setback.
B) a significant, and long-term, setback.
C) the merging of the first two or more subpersonalities.
D) the merging of the final two or more subpersonalities.

Answer 139

D) the merging of the final two or more subpersonalities.

Question 140

Transient depersonalization and derealization:
A) are experienced by virtually all people by late adolescence.
B) are produced naturally and cannot be induced by drugs or meditation.
C) can be induced by a life-threatening experience.
D) are common in adults but are not yet diagnosed in children or adolescents.

Answer 140

C) can be induced by a life-threatening experience.

Question 141

Salina was terrified during the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that hit where she lived. For a couple of weeks after the event, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, her fears gradually diminished and were completely gone within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): 
A) panic attack. 
B) phobic reaction. 
C) acute stress disorder. 
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 141

C) acute stress disorder.

Question 142

A friend says to you, “I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD.Do you think therapy will help this person?” Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research?

A) Probably. About two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement.”
B) Probably. More than 90 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement.
C) Almost certainly. About 80 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD show almost immediate improvement, and most of the rest show improvement within two years of starting therapy.
D) Yes. Almost everyone receiving treatment for PTSD shows improvement within a few months.

Answer 142

A) Probably. About two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement.”

Question 143

Depersonalization disorder is most common among:
A) preadolescents.
B) adolescents and young adults.
C) adults between the ages of 40 and 60.
D) adults older than 60.

Answer 143

B) adolescents and young adults.

Question 144

How do sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work in the treatment of dissociative amnesia?
A) They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.
B) They “force” people to tell the truth.
C) They induce a hypnotic state.
D) They alleviate depression.

Answer 144

A) They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.

Question 145

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:
A) calm people and reduce their inhibitions.
B) act as truth serum, so people cannot fake their illness.
C) help reduce associated symptoms of depression.
D) make people forget extremely upsetting events in their lives.

Answer 145

A) calm people and reduce their inhibitions.

Question 146

Jake is lying in bed and suddenly feels as though he is floating above his body. This is called: 
A) doubting. 
B) dumbing down. 
C) doubling. 
D) distrusting.

Answer 146

C) doubling.

Question 147

Drake was trapped in his car for a time as he tried to flee a wildfire in northern California. There was ash and smoke everywhere. The heat was unbearable, and he was sure he was going to die. When rescue teams eventually found him, Drake was dehydrated, having trouble breathing, and terrified. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This BEST describes a(n): 
A) phobia. 
B) acute stress disorder. 
C) generalized anxiety disorder. 
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 147

D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 148

\_\_\_\_\_ is common with dissociative fugue. 
A) Fleeing to a new location 
B) Engaging in criminal activity 
C) Becoming more introverted 
D) Losing procedural memories

Answer 148

A) Fleeing to a new location

Question 149

With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), what effect is expected in soldiers who are directly exposed to prolonged combat-related stress?
A) higher rates of PTSD symptoms
B) lower rates of treatment
C) greater intensity of PTSD symptoms but faster symptom resolution
D) increased presence of apathy and limited or no feelings of guilt or negative emotions Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.

Answer 149

A) higher rates of PTSD symptoms

Question 150

With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), what effect is expected in soldiers who are directly exposed to prolonged combat-related stress?
A) higher rates of PTSD symptoms
B) lower rates of treatment
C) greater intensity of PTSD symptoms but faster symptom resolution
D) increased presence of apathy and limited or no feelings of guilt or negative emotions Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.

Answer 150

A) higher rates of PTSD symptoms

Question 151

Which of the following is responsible for returning our heartbeat back to normal after a stressful event?

a. sympathetic nerves system
b. parasympathetic nervous system
c. hypothalamic-pitulary-adrenal pathway
d. endocrine system

Answer 151

b. parasympathetic nervous system

Question 152

Martin is very stressed over an upcoming exam. Consequently, his darnel glands will probably produce?

a. more testosterone
b. less oestrogen
c. less testosterone
d. less cortisol
e. more cortisol

Answer 152

e. more cortisol

Question 153

Acute stress disorder differs from PTSD in?

a. the duration of symptoms
b. the severity of the stressor
c. the avoidance of traumatic stimuli
d. the excessive emotional response

Answer 153

a. the duration of symptoms

Question 154

approximately ___ of the population experiences PTSD at some point in their lives

a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%

Answer 154

b. 10%

Question 155

Symptoms of PTSD are grouped into which of the following major categories?

a. a reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, and anxiety
b. hypervigilance, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, and an exaggerated startle response
c. avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal, and symptoms of suicidality
d. avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal, and symptoms of suicidality

Answer 155

d. avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal, and symptoms of suicidality

Question 156

Maria is an Iraq war veteran who has been diagnosed with PTSD. Any loud sound that remotely resembles gunfire makes her extremely anxious and fearful. Her psychologist has suggested that she confront the trauma-related events and situations as well as the memories of traumatic experiences she may have been avoiding. This technique is called:

a. prolonged exposure.
b. systematic desensitization therapy.
c. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Answer 156

a. prolonged exposure.

Question 157

Darla thinks she has bad luck. She repeatedly says, “Bad things just happen to me. It doesn’t matter what I do. If it can go wrong, it will. And it always does.” How does this thinking relate to the development of stress disorders?

A) There is no correlation between the two.
B) She is less likely to develop a stress disorder
C) She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.
D) She will definitely develop a stress disorder during her lifetime.

Answer 157

C) She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.