CHAPTER 1: Historical Backgrounds MCQ Flashcards
What are the “Four Ds” of abnormality?
A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
B) defiance, dissociation, dysfunction, and danger
C) deviance, distress, dysphoria, and damage
D) defiance, dissociation, dysphoria, and damage
A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
Who decides the general criteria for defining abnormality?
A) medical doctors
B) psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
C) society
C) society
Cara is a successful social media personality. She is the author of several best-selling books and recently gave a TED talk on building a personal brand. She also adheres to a strict diet wherein all of her food must be the same color. Cara is most likely:
A) suffering from abnormality.
B) eccentric.
B) eccentric.
Trephining, a process of cutting holes in the skull, is believed to have been used as a psychological treatment in order to:
A) restore balance among the 4 vital humors.
B) undo possession by the devil.
C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.
D) cure a seizure disorder.
E) severe the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.
The Greeks’ view of abnormal behavior provided the basis of today’s:
A) psychodynamic perspective. B) medical model. C) psychological model. D) DSM-5. E) cognitive-behavioral perspective.
B) medical model.
Today, ________ dominates the clinical field.
A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective
C) the sociocultural perspective
D) the developmental psychopathology perspective
E) no single perspective
E) no single perspective
Which perspective holds that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes?
A) the somatogenic perspective
B) the psychogenic perspective
C) neither of these perspectives
A) the somatogenic perspective
About what percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States receive treatment during a year?
A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 80%
C) 60%
________ provides causal information and ________ provides general information.
A) Internal validity; external validity
B) External validity; internal validity
C) Independent variable; dependent variable
D) Dependent variable; independent variable
A) Internal validity; external validity
Dr. Diaz wants to study whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms relative to no therapy. What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this scenario?
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) anxiety symptoms
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which design examines the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a given population?
A) natural experiment
B) longitudinal study
C) epidemiological study
D) quasi-experimental design
C) epidemiological study
Which of the following designs is LEAST likely to have high external validity?
A) a case study
B) a correlational study
C) an experiment
A) a case study
What technique is used for reducing the effects of preexisting differences?
A) masked design
B) placebo therapy
C) matched design
D) random assignment
D) random assignment
Which of these was Philippe Pinel’s argument for his asylum reform?
A) Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication.
B) Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
D) Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is:
A) a natural experiment.
B) a matched-design experiment.
C) an analogue experiment.
D) a single-subject experiment.
A) a natural experiment.
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
A theorist who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living as:
A) pupils.
B) patients.
C) trainees.
D) clients.
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If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to:
A) mental health prevention programs.
B) positive psychology programs.
C) deinstitutionalization programs.
D) outpatient therapy.
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Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were:
A) physicians.
B) nobility.
C) peasants.
D) clergy.
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In the Middle Ages,the model of mental illness that MOST people believed in was the:
A) moral model.
B) medical model.
C) psychogenic model.
D) demonology model.
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Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more:
A) hospital-focused.
B) multicultural.
C) positive.
D) dependent on the use of medications.
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Which statement about the various viewpoints of clinical psychology is TRUE?
A) Various perspectives coexist, and they often conflict and compete with one another.
B) Since the late 1950s,the biological perspective is the primary perspective taught in medical schools.
C) Although many perspectives exist, the psychoanalytic perspective remains the dominant perspective in the field.
D) Among the various perspectives,those most highly regarded are those based on the influence of external factors.
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A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders.This drug would be classified as:
A) psychogenic.
B) somatogenic.
C) psychotropic.
D) somatotropic.
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What is the most famous characteristic of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?
A) Popularly called “Bedlam,” it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients.
B) It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates.
C) It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives.
D) It was the first asylum in which the moral treatment of patients was practiced.
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Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than individuals with mental disorders to say:
A) “I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me.”
B) “I am in a lot of pain, and I suffer a great deal.”
C) “I wish I were not so ‘unique.’ “
D) “I’m different,and I like it.”
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A researcher randomly assigned participants to two groups.Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; group B received no drugs at any point.In this study, group A was the:
A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) correlational group.
D) cross-sectional group.
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Which statement BEST describes the effect of technology on mental health?
A) There is widespread consensus that technology causes deviant and dysfunctional behavior.
B) Technology has eroded society’s sense of community and people’s desire to engage with others.
C) There is no research-based evidence to support any connect between technology and mental health.
D) Technology provides new triggers for abnormal behaviors.
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Which statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?
A) Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.
B) Alcoholism tends to run in families.
C) People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms.
D) Most people with depression are helped with medication.
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How did the perception of patients with psychological problems change during the spread of moral treatment?
A) They were seen as dependent and as a drain on society’s resources.
B) They were seen as morally superior to people without psychological problems.
C) They were seen as potentially productive human beings who deserved care.
D) They were seen as religious proselytizers who treated everyone with kindness.
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Freud believed that all functioning, normal and abnormal, originates from:
A) one’s underlying biological makeup.
B) unconscious psychological processes.
C) the internal battle between good and evil.
D) conscious internal drives and moral external forces.
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A “fake” pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:
A) placebo.
B) confound.
C) random variable.
D) dependent variable.
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Which statement about distress is TRUE?
A) Distress is a subjective experience.
B) Distress is always considered abnormal.
C) Distress is more common in young children.
D) Distress is always characterized by overt,observable signs.
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The textbook authors describe the treatment of mental illness in the early 1600s as a forerunner to community mental health programs because:
A) local residents provided housing, food, and companionship to the mentally ill.
B) asylums were created to provide long-term care for those persons with mental illness.
C) government officials enacted laws to protect the rights of those persons with mental illness.
D) those persons receiving care for mental illness were required to “give back” in the form of community service.
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Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?
A) prevention and positive psychology
B) perfection and primary psychology
C) people and professional psychology
D) promotion and public psychology
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Luther experiences unshakable sadness.His friends have stopped trying to cheer him up because nothing works.An ancient Greek physician would have labeled his condition:
A) mania.
B) hysteria.
C) delusions.
D) melancholia.
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Which is the BEST example of baseline data in a single-subject design?
A) how well the treated behavior generalizes to a nontreatment setting
B) the level of the treated behavior at the immediate end of treatment
C) how long the treatment is maintained
D) the level of behavior before treatment begins
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The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment)is called the:
A) control group.
B) confound group.
C) dependent group.
D) experimental group.
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One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:
A) policy of deinstitutionalization.
B) decrease in the effectiveness of medications.
C) decrease in the use of private psychotherapy.
D) move to the community mental health approach.
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Which statement is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions?
A) There are more female psychiatrists than female counselors.
B) Women, as a group, prefer working in clinical settings.
C) The profession with the highest percentage of women practitioners is social work.
D) Female psychologists earn more than male psychologists.
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Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a “pure experiment”?
A) The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.
B) The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.
C) The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.
D) The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.
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Which question does the use of statistical analyses in research help answer?
A) Where does bias exist?
B) How likely is it that the study’s findings occurred by chance?
C) How many people will be directly affected by the study results?
D) Which inclusion criteria should be applied when selecting participants?
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Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:
A) moral therapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) psychogenic therapy.
D) all psychological therapy.
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Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
A) distress
B) deviance
C) dysfunction
D) danger to self or others
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Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:
A) they are not deviant.
B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.
C) they are dangerous only to others,not to themselves.
D) while they are distressed by their behavior,others are not.
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Compared with the number of patients hospitalized in U.S.mental hospitals in the 1950s,the number of hospitalized patients today is:
A) significantly less.
B) slightly less.
C) slightly more.
D) significantly more.
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The asylums of the 1500s were originally:
A) churches and parishes. B) privately owned homes. C) hospitals and monasteries. D) prisons and government offices. arrow
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A student says,”The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group,so you don’t know if the treatment is effective.” The BEST reply is:
A) You’re absolutely right.
B) If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls.
C) Researchers routinely include control participants along with the actual participants.
D) You don’t need controls; single-subject experiments are always double-masked.
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In what way did the experiments performed by Bernheim and Liébault provide support for the psychogenic perspective of abnormality?
A) Using hypnosis, they could produce artificial symptoms such as blindness in healthy subjects.
B) Using small amounts of electrical current, they could induce “false” psychological problems in healthy subjects.
C) Using biofeedback systems, they could reduce anxiety symptoms in subjects.
D) Using guided imagery,they could cure patients with a variety of psychological disorders.
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If a person’s primary symptom was excessive worry, the psychotropic drug MOST likely to be prescribed for that person would be an:
A) antipsychotic.
B) antidepressant.
C) antibiotic.
D) antianxiety medication.
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Toward the end of the Middle Ages,cities began to flourish.How did this help foster a shift away from demonology?
A) City officials made it illegal to teach demonology.
B) Government officials took over care of the mentally ill.
C) Government officials began to treat the mentally ill as criminals.
D) The mentally ill were run out of cities and left to take care of themselves.
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A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression.The researcher may therefore be confident that:
A) life stress causes symptoms of depression.
B) symptoms of depression cause life stress.
C) something else causes stress and depression.
D) life stress and depression are related.
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Johann Weyer was a physician in the:
A) 1200s.
B) 1500s.
C) 1700s.
D) 1800s.
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Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable.If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called:
A) irrelevant.
B) confounds.
C) masked variables.
D) random variables.
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Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a
part of:
A) eco-anxiety treatment.
B) a somatogenic approach to treatment.
C) the clinical practice of positive psychology.
D) an eccentric’s level of creativity.
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A society’s _____ is (are) comprised of that society’s history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.
A) laws
B) norms
C) culture
D) conventions
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