CHAPTER 4: Anxiety Disorders, OCD And Related Disorders Flashcards Preview MCQ
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear.Now he is afraid of snakes.This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
A) modeling.
B) response discrimination.
C) escape response.
D) stimulus generalization.
A) modeling.
Which thought is consistent with the thinking of someone who has social anxiety disorder?
A) I’m glad I can use my notes during my speech.There’s no way I could have remembered all of these details.
B) I don’t want to give that presentation tomorrow.No one even listens during those meetings.
C) I can’t go on that business lunch with my boss.I’d spill food on myself and look like an idiot.
D) I’m not going out this weekend.I’ve had enough people interactions this week.
C) I can’t go on that business lunch with my boss.I’d spill food on myself and look like an idiot.
What are the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems called?
A) moral anxiety
B) conditions of worth
C) existential anxiety
D) irrational assumptions
D) irrational assumptions
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
A) typical panic attacks.
B) panic disorder.
C) physiological damage.
D) a normal response to stress.
B) panic disorder.
A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely to also have a fear of:
A) leaving home.
B) enclosed spaces.
C) other people.
D) driving.
A) leaving home.
Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts.Most people ignore them.But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences,so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts.The type of theorist who would be MOST likely to agree with this position would be a:
A) psychodynamic theorist.
B) sociocultural theorist.
C) cognitive-behavioral theorist.
D) biological theorist.
C) cognitive-behavioral theorist.
When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks)be considered compulsive behaviors?
A) when they are done to provide comfort and reduce tension
B) when they are done more than once a day
C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress
D) never
C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress
The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is:
A) “Better safe than sorry.”
B) “Life’s a gamble; give it your best shot.”
C) “When you reach the mountaintop,it’s hard to come back down.”
D) “Nothing ventured,nothing gained.”
A) “Better safe than sorry.”
A person who believes that everything is a disaster and nothing good will ever happen again when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.
B) irrational assumptions.
What is the biggest difference between those individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and those individuals who are unhappy with their appearance?
A) People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people.
B) People with body dysmorphic disorder worry about their appearance.
C) People with body dysmorphic disorder must consider suicide to get a diagnosis.
D) People with body dysmorphic disorder would change something about their appearance if they could.
A) People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people.
Rhoda’s fear of attending a party is debilitating. To treat this fear,her therapist has Rhoda rehearse introducing herself.This is called:
A) modeling.
B) role-play.
C) covert desensitization.
D) systematic desensitization.
B) role-play.
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training.This is an example of the _____ technique.
A) covert
B) modeling
C) fear hierarchical flooding
D) in vivo
A) covert
If the idea of preparedness is accurate,then:
A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.
B) all phobias should diminish with treatment at about the same rate.
C) animals and humans should have the same phobias.
D) phobias should be less frequent in the modern era than in ancient times.
A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.
Which statement best represents the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder versus for those with the same condition who receive placebo therapy?
A) Client-centered therapy is only sometimes superior to placebo therapy.
B) Client-centered therapy is vastly superior to placebo therapy.
C) There is no difference,indicating client-centered therapy is not a useful approach.
D) Surprising research indicates placebo therapy is more effective than client-centered therapy.
A) Client-centered therapy is only sometimes superior to placebo therapy.
Eldon occasionally has a racing heartbeat.When this happens,he panics and thinks he is going to die.Gradually,he has developed panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly.Eldon apparently has a high degree of:
A) fear.
B) anxiety.
C) obsessive imagery.
D) anxiety sensitivity.
D) anxiety sensitivity.
A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.This is most likely which disorder?
A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) specific phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
A) generalized anxiety disorder
Lucy is considering taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.She could expect that:
A) this medication wouldn’t be very effective.
B) this medication would lead to immediate and long-lasting relief of symptoms.
C) this medication would lead to short-term relief,but relapse would occur if she stopped taking it.
D) adding cognitive therapies would help relieve symptoms in the short term but not in the long term.
C) this medication would lead to short-term relief,but relapse would occur if she stopped taking it.
Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?
A) Agoraphobia
B) Body dysmorphic disorder
C) Trichotillomania
D) Hoarding disorder
A) Agoraphobia
Dr.Lopez wants to improve the effectiveness of GABA in a client.She should choose:
A) a drug that increases neuronal firing speed.
B) a benzodiazepine.
C) any of the antidepressants.
D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.
B) a benzodiazepine.
Which explanation of phobias states the belief that human beings,as a species,have a predisposition to develop certain fears?
A) the environmental explanation
B) the behavioral-evolutionary explanation
C) the empirical explanation
D) the externalized behavior explanation
B) the behavioral-evolutionary explanation
A person was recently diagnosed with social anxiety disorder.A BEST guess is that the person is in _____ school and is _____ likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.
A) elementary; more
B) high; more
C) elementary; less
D) high; less
B) high; more
What is the BEST combination of treatments to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?
A) client-centered therapies and exposure therapies
B) exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs
C) antidepressant drugs and biofeedback
D) biofeedback and relaxation training
B) exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs
Which statement about the use of antidepressants to treat panic disorders is MOST accurate?
A) Antianxiety drugs are preferred over antidepressants.
B) The drugs must be taken as needed rather than on a regular schedule.
C) The drugs are effective for only about 25 percent of the people who take them.
D) It appears that all antidepressant drugs that restore norepinephrine help prevent or reduce panic symptoms.
D) It appears that all antidepressant drugs that restore norepinephrine help prevent or reduce panic symptoms.
Which statement reflects the MOST common obsessive thought?
A) If I touch that doorknob,I will be dirty and contaminated.
B) I must make sure that the brochures are folded evenly.
C) I can hardly stop myself from yelling sexual obscenities in class.
D) I hope that person dies a long,slow death.
A) If I touch that doorknob,I will be dirty and contaminated.
People who experience obsessions show:
A) typical levels of worry about real problems.
B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.
C) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist.
D) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.
C) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist.
The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is a(n):
A) antianxiety drug.
B) antidepressant drug.
C) heart medication.
D) antipsychotic medication.
B) antidepressant drug.
Katherine always feels threatened and anxious,imagining something awful is about to happen.She is able to work and care for her family,although not as well as she would like.Katherine is probably experiencing:
A) a generalized anxiety disorder.
B) a hormonal imbalance.
C) no specific problem; worrying is a personality trait.
D) a specific fear response.
A) a generalized anxiety disorder.
Rosa’s heart was racing from her fourth cup of coffee,but she thought she might be having a heart attack.Her fear seemed to be increasing without end.This might be the beginning of a:
A) panic attack.
B) manic episode.
C) specific phobia.
D) social phobia.
A) panic attack.
A client has body dysmorphic disorder and is considering plastic surgery. Is this a recommended treatment for this client?
A) Yes.Plastic surgery typically relieves body dysmorphic symptoms.
B) Possibly.Plastic surgery can improve clients’ self-image if the “problem” area is small.
C) No. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward.
D) No.Studies show that almost one-third of people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder later attempt suicide.
C) No.Often,people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward.
According to Freud,in which stage of development do obsessive-compulsive disorders originate?
A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital
B) anal
Before grading papers,a professor puts on rubber gloves.During class and in interactions with students,the professor painstakingly avoids any contact with the hands of students.The professor is exhibiting a(n):
A) cleaning compulsion.
B) checking compulsion.
C) order compulsion.
D) touching compulsion.
D) touching compulsion
What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?
A) antipsychotic
B) antidepressant
C) benzodiazepine
D) major tranquilizer
C) benzodiazepine
A major limitation of treating generalized anxiety disorder with antipsychotic medication is that these medications:
A) do not alter the activity of dopamine.
B) simply are not effective.
C) increase panic attacks.
D) can produce serious side effects.
D) can produce serious side effects.
According to the psychodynamic perspective,if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts:
A) the scrubbing represents a healthy coping response.
B) the immoral images represent id impulses.
C) the superego is helping the person to avoid id impulses.
D) ego defenses are not present.
B) the immoral images represent id impulses.
When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother,a mouse ran by.Her mother screamed,scaring her.Ever since then,Marianela has been afraid of mice.In this example,the mouse is the:
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
Which statement is TRUE about social anxiety disorder?
A) Each year,approximately 8 percent of all people in the United States experience social anxiety disorder.
B) Men are more likely than women to experience social anxiety disorder.
C) Wealthier people are more likely to develop social anxiety disorder.
D) Social anxiety disorder tends to develop in early childhood.
A) Each year,approximately 8 percent of all people in the United States experience social anxiety disorder.
Which statement describes how phobias and common fear differ?
A) Fear more dramatically interferes with a person’s life.
B) Fear relates to intangible objects,whereas a phobia is specific to tangible things.
C) A phobia causes physiological changes,whereas fear causes cognitive changes.
D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the thing that causes fear.
D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the thing that causes fear.
According to Freud,children who are prevented from expressing id impulses (for example,making mud pies,playing war,and exploring their genitals)are at risk for developing:
A) specific phobias.
B) anxiety.
C) fear.
D) an existential crisis.
B) anxiety.
In a research setting,a drug is given to a person.The drug causes that person to hyperventilate and experience a rapid heart rate.This is a(n):
A) in vivo test.
B) modeling test.
C) covert sensitization test.
D) biological challenge test.
D) biological challenge test.
Which is NOT a disadvantage of taking benzodiazepines?
A) lack of sleep,increased anxiety,and passivity
B) return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn
C) impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning
D) a physical dependence on the drug
A) lack of sleep,increased anxiety,and passivity
A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings,and she is very reluctant to leave home,even with a friend.Recently,she has started experiencing sudden,extreme fear every time she enters a crowded street.MOST likely,this woman would be diagnosed with:
A) panic disorder and specific phobia.
B) panic disorder.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
D) agoraphobia.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
Which brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms?
A) the frontal lobes and the thalamus
B) the thalamus and the hypothalamus
C) the motor cortex and the caudate nuclei
D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
What is the biggest difference between treatment outcomes for persons with agoraphobia and persons with specific phobias?
A) Treatment of agoraphobia brings less relief to individuals than do the highly successful treatments for specific phobias
B) Outcomes for specific phobias are contingent on the type of phobia the individual has.
C) Treatment for agoraphobia is easier to implement than treatment for specific phobias.
D) Treatment for agoraphobia is more successful than treatment for specific phobias,but it is more expensive and time-consuming.
A) Treatment of agoraphobia brings less relief to individuals than do the highly successful treatments for specific phobias
A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder.A therapist watches the person act out a social scene,points out what she did correctly and incorrectly,and praises her for what she did well.Which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use?
A) role-playing
B) feedback
C) modeling
D) reinforcement
C) modeling
Agoraphobia is the fear of:
A) flying.
B) speaking.
C) public places.
D) spiders.
C) public places.
Beatrice is prescribed a medication for her anxiety.When she takes a small dose,she feels calmer.When she takes a larger dose,she can fall asleep without tossing and turning.This type of drug is called:
A) a sedative-hypnotic drug.
B) an antidepressant.
C) an antipsychotic.
D) a sleeping pill.
A) a sedative-hypnotic drug.
What are the persistent thoughts,ideas,impulses,or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness called?
A) obsessions
B) phobias
C) panic attacks
D) compulsions
A) obsessions
Which of the following is a major similarity between the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck?
A) the notion that anxiety is caused by self-doubt
B) the idea that anxiety is heightened when a person does not receive empathy
C) the belief that maladaptive thoughts cause anxiety
D) the focus on the genetic component of anxiety
C) the belief that maladaptive thoughts cause anxiety
A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder,then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders.What the therapist is doing is:
A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.
B) uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias.
C) uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias.
D) rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.
A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.
Several techniques,such as modeling and role-play,are combined to treat social anxiety disorder in:
A) exposure therapy.
B) social skills training.
C) social flooding.
D) self-help programs.
B) social skills training.
If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones,the therapist would be using:
A) cognitive-existential therapy.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) rational-emotive therapy.
D) acceptance and commitment therapy.
C) rational-emotive therapy.
Apparently,people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to objects such as computers and radios.This observation supports the idea of:
A) modeling.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) conditioning.
D) preparedness.
D) preparedness.
Your worries are only thoughts. Don’t try to stop them! Recognize that they’re thoughts,and don’t let them upset you so much.These statements MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
A) rational-emotive therapy
B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) intolerance of uncertainty therapy
D) biofeedback
B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
Someone interested in how social change,poverty,and race affect the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports which perspective?
A) the cognitive-behavioral perspective
B) the psychodynamic perspective
C) the sociocultural perspective
D) the humanistic-existential perspective
C) the sociocultural perspective
Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders:
A) appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways.
B) must avoid pointing out the client’s defense mechanisms.
C) work on intensifying the underlying conflict.
D) do not interpret the client’s behavior.
A) appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways.
Which brain area is rich in neurons and uses norepinephrine?
A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the locus coeruleus
C) the cerebellum
D) the motor strip
B) the locus coeruleus
How does fear differ from anxiety?
A) Fear is a response to a specific threat,whereas anxiety is more general.
B) Anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear.
C) Fear is a response to an inanimate threat,whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.
D) Anxiety is an immediate response,whereas fear is more vague.
A) Fear is a response to a specific threat,whereas anxiety is more general.
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
A) the biological position
B) the sociocultural position
C) the behavioral position
D) the psychodynamic position
C) the behavioral position
Until recently,the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:
A) drug studies.
B) clinical interviews.
C) family pedigree studies.
D) neurological studies.
C) family pedigree studies.
A psychologist believes that her client has a generalized anxiety disorder due to a lack of unconditional positive regard as a child and as a result has developed conditions of worth.The psychologist is following which theory?
A) Pavlov’s conditioning theory
B) Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
C) Rogers’ client-centered theory
D) Ellis’ rational-emotive theory
C) Rogers’ client-centered theory
Which is an example of a specific social anxiety?
A) fear of public speaking
B) fear of heights
C) fear of tornadoes when a tornado warning is in effect
D) fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others
A) fear of public speaking
Drew is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home as pets.During his therapy,his therapist demonstrated how to handle snakes.This is a form of therapy based on:
A) flooding.
B) modeling.
C) implosive techniques.
D) covert desensitization.
B) modeling.
A procedure used to treat social anxiety disorder that forces the client to face his or her dreaded social situation until the fear subsides is:
A) exposure therapy.
B) modeling.
C) implosive therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.
A) exposure therapy.
Which statement MOST accurately reflects current research findings regarding phobias?
A) Phobias are always a result of classical conditioning.
B) Phobias are almost always a result of classical conditioning.
C) Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning.
D) Phobias may be a result of classical conditioning.
A) Phobias are always a result of classical conditioning.
Danique is never sure of the right thing to do.She married Anthony and has wondered for hours every day for years if that was the right decision.She is exhibiting:
A) a compulsion.
B) obsessive ideas.
C) obsessive doubts.
D) obsessive images.
C) obsessive doubts.
People who experience a positive event,get excited,breathe harder,and have an increased heart rate,and subsequently interpret the symptoms as a heart attack,are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:
A) a biological challenge.
B) behavioral inhibition.
C) anxiety sensitivity.
D) an exposure relapse.
C) anxiety sensitivity.
As part of desensitization training,a phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes.This is an example of what kind of technique?
A) the covert technique
B) the modeling technique
C) the fear hierarchical technique
D) the in vivo technique
D) the in vivo technique
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:
A) mood disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) personality disorders.
D) sexual disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of what neurotransmitter at certain receptor sites in the brain?
A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) serotonin
C) GABA
A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations.This is an example of the _____ technique.
A) covert
B) virtual reality
C) fear hierarchical flooding
D) in vivo
B) virtual reality
For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder,it must:
A) increase serotonin activity.
B) decrease serotonin activity.
C) increase norepinephrine activity.
D) decrease norepinephrine activity.
A) increase serotonin activity.
An example of a meta-worry is demonstrated by someone who:
A) worries about all possible signs of danger.
B) worries about not worrying enough.
C) thinks about worrying.
D) worries about worrying.
D) worries about worrying.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of mindfulness-based therapy?
A) Its use has been resisted in therapy applications.
B) Many cognitive-behavioral therapists support its use in therapy applications,but only to treat generalized anxiety disorder.
C) It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders,including generalized anxiety disorder.
D) It is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.
C) It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders,including generalized anxiety disorder.
If a person criticized everything he did,always looking for flaws,and never could measure up to his own personal standards,he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
A) empathy.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) conditions of worth.
D) moral anxiety.
C) conditions of worth.
The avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder suggests that worrying:
A) serves to reduce bodily arousal.
B) interferes with our ability to cope with life.
C) keeps the focus on emotions,not cognitions.
D) is an uncontrollable part of life.
A) serves to reduce bodily arousal
An exposure technique in which the therapist confronts the feared object or situation while the fearful person observes is called:
A) modeling.
B) flooding.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) biofeedback.
A) modeling.
Which disorder is characterized by severe,persistent,and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which the person may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment?
A) specific phobias
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) social anxiety disorder
D) social anxiety disorder
A person asks,”What’s the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?” What is the BEST research-based answer?
A) Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster than,and for at least as long as,the best psychotherapy.
B) Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy.
C) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast,but not as long,as the best drug therapy.
D) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as,and longer than,the best drug therapy.
D) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as,and longer than,the best drug therapy.
A person attempts to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally.They are trying to ____ the thoughts.
A) reinforce
B) increase
C) neutralize
D) clarify
C) neutralize
A person asks,”What’s the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?” What is the BEST research-based answer?
A) Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster than,and for at least as long as,the best psychotherapy.
B) Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy.
C) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast,but not as long,as the best drug therapy.
D) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as,and longer than,the best drug therapy.
D) The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as,and longer than,the best drug therapy.`
Cognitive-behavioral theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also:
A) have a lower rate of depression.
B) have lower standards of conduct and morality.
C) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything.
D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.
D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in which region of the brain?
A) hypothalamus
B) caudate nuclei
C) cerebral cortex
D) temporal lobe
B) caudate nuclei
A person says,”I’ve been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder,and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy,not psychological therapy.I don’t know which to choose.” Based on current research,the BEST answer would be:
A) That’s the best advice your therapist could have given.
B) Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used,even with drug therapy; there’s less chance of relapse.
C) Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don’t help much.
D) Unfortunately,no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder.
B) Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used,even with drug therapy; there’s less chance of relapse.
Which statement is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder?
A) Drug treatments are significantly more effective,especially early in the disorder.
B) The effectiveness of cognitive treatments declines over time.
C) Cognitive treatments have proved to be at least as effective as medications,if not more so.
D) Neither drug treatments nor cognitive treatments show much promise.
C) Cognitive treatments have proved to be at least as effective as medications,if not more so.
What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related?
A) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring.
B) Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions.
C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions.
D) Obsessions are not related to compulsions.
C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions.
Manuel is afraid of eating in public because he expects to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated.As a result,he makes up excuses when asked out to eat.His diagnosis would probably be:
A) a social phobia.
B) a specific phobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder
A) a social phobia.
Which is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder,according to research by cognitive theorists?
A) repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred
B) thinking one has social flaws,which leads to anxiety
C) underestimating how badly a social event actually went
D) overestimating how badly things might go during a social event
C) underestimating how badly a social event actually went
A professor’s office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on the desk,overflowing bookshelves line the walls,and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor where there is only a narrow pathway to walk.If the professor is experiencing a diagnosable disorder,it would MOST likely be in which category?
A) social anxiety disorders
B) panic disorders
C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
D) specific phobias
C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror.This feeling seems to come on suddenly and randomly.Her experience is an example of a(n):
A) panic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A) panic disorder.
When Logan was 5 years old,he was playing with a stuffed bunny when a burglar broke into his home.Now,as an adult,Logan is terrified of rabbits.Why do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe Logan dreads rabbits,even though he should know they are harmless?
A) Logan never got close enough to rabbits to learn they are actually harmless.
B) Logan’s brain has been rewired by his childhood trauma.
C) Fearing rabbits protects Logan from confronting real threats in the world.
D) Logan’s fear has been transmitted genetically through an evolutionary process.
A) Logan never got close enough to rabbits to learn they are actually harmless.
Researchers believe that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder,based on differences in the:
A) way the amygdala works in each disorder.
B) alarm and escape response in the brain.
C) brain circuitry involved in the two disorders.
D) heritability of the two disorders.
C) brain circuitry involved in the two disorders.
A person says,”I’ll try to see only the positive side of things,then everything will be OK.” From a cognitive-behavioral perspective,this person is _____ obsessive thoughts.
A) neutralizing
B) habituating
C) exposing
D) engaging in
A) neutralizing
“Who wouldn’t be afraid all the time? We have the bomb,overpopulation,AIDS,and violent crime everywhere.It’s difficult to get a good job unless you’re a computer genius.” This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic
C) sociocultural
Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts,emotions,and behavior.Which kind of theorist would offer the preceding explanation for anxiety disorders?
A) a biological theorist
B) a cognitive-behavioral theorist
C) a sociocultural theorist
D) a humanistic theorist
D) a humanistic theorist
In terms of cognitive theories that explain generalized anxiety disorder,which of these theories has a good deal of research support?
A) only metacognitive theory
B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory
C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory
D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory
D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory
Compared with men,women are _____ to develop generalized anxiety disorder.
A) equally likely
B) about half as likely
C) twice as likely
D) not at all likely
C) twice as likely
Jie has had a feeling of being on edge for several days now.She can’t think of a reason for why she feels this way.This feeling is called:
A) free-floating anxiety.
B) specific anxiety.
C) fearful anxiety.
D) obsession.
A) free-floating anxiety.
The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:
A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are.
B) distant relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives are.
C) relatives share not only biological characteristics but also similar environments.
D) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins.
A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are.
Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder:
A) changes behavior in the clinic but does not carry over to the home and the workplace.
B) works only in about 25 percent of those individuals who are treated with it.
C) leads to improvement that often continues indefinitely.
D) is effective only in a group setting
C) leads to improvement that often continues indefinitely.
A belief of many early cognitive-behavioral therapists,and one that continues to be influential today,is that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:
A) maladaptive assumptions.
B) lack of empathy.
C) interpersonal loss.
D) overactive id impulses.
.
A belief of many early cognitive-behavioral therapists,and one that continues to be influential today,is that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:
A) maladaptive assumptions.
B) lack of empathy.
C) interpersonal loss.
D) overactive id impulses.
A) maladaptive assumptions.
Sebastian was outside the parking garage when,out of nowhere,he suddenly felt overwhelming fear.Sebastian noticed that his fear increased,he started to feel out of control,and the intensity of the feelings seemed to reach a peak and then pass within a few minutes.This is an example of a:
A) panic attack.
B) phobic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
.A) panic attack.
GABA has been implicated in the etiology of:
A) schizophrenia.
B) panic disorder.
C) conversion disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and perform flawlessly in all possible aspects of life is displaying:
A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.
B) irrational assumptions.
Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) endorphin
A) norepinephrine
Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
A) respond more fearfully to predictable events than to unpredictable events.
B) fail to pay attention to threatening cues.
C) are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress.
D) show little physiological arousal to stress.
C) are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress.
What are brain circuits?
A) GABA receptors
B) networks of brain structures that work together
C) neurotransmitters at work
D) brain formations in the prefrontal cortex
B) networks of brain structures that work together
A compulsion to keep placing certain items (such as clothing,books,or foods)in perfect order in accordance with strict rules is a:
A) checking compulsion.
B) counting compulsion.
C) balance compulsion.
D) cleaning compulsion.
C) balance compulsion.
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:
A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse,generalized anxiety declines.
B) the relationships among race,poverty,and job opportunity.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.
D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.
According to Freud,a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when:
A) a person does not dream,and thus has no outlet for anxiety.
B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety.
C) a person never has a chance to experience trauma.
D) defense mechanisms are too strong.
B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety.
Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?
A) cognitive-behavioral theorists
B) biological theorists
C) sociocultural theorists
D) existential theorists
A) cognitive-behavioral theorists
What does the client do when the modeling approach is used to treat a phobia?
A) The client confronts the feared object directly.
B) The client observes the therapist confronting the feared object.
C) The client imagines the therapist confronting the feared object.
D) The client imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.
B) The client observes the therapist confronting the feared object.
A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and afraid of dying.Assuming this event is not a heart attack, but rather an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely a:
A) panic attack.
B) phobia.
C) obsessive-compulsive response.
D) posttraumatic disorder.
A) panic attack.
According to the intolerance of uncertainty theory,individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are:
A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.
B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur.
C) able to tolerate uncertainty only in mildly threatening events.
D) able to tolerate uncertainty only in severely threatening events.
A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.
What is the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis called?
A) stress inoculation training
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) self-instruction training
D) behavior modification
B) rational-emotive therapy
Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that compulsive behavior is:
A) reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.
B) originally associated with an increased level of anxiety.
C) logically,rather than randomly,connected to fearful situations.
D) exhibited by everyone.
A) reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.
Nicholas has an intense fear of dogs that won’t go away. He avoids looking at pictures of dogs,and sometimes he can’t even leave the house when neighbors are walking their dogs.This kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder?
A) panic disorder
B) phobic disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder
B) phobic disorder
According to cognitive-behavioral theorists,why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors?
A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.
B) They have been punished in the past for engaging in the compulsive behaviors.
C) They need a higher level of anxiety than average to be productive.
D) They are irrational thinkers.
A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.
GABA acts by:
A) increasing neuronal firing in the brain.
B) doubling the rate of neuronal firing.
C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing.
D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.
D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.
Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety?
A) unwillingness to eat in front of others
B) fear of public speaking
C) apprehension about being evaluated by others
D) anxiety about walking in front of others
C) apprehension about being evaluated by others
Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?
A) antidepressants
B) antipsychotics
C) immunosuppressants
D) benzodiazepines
D) benzodiazepines
Which is an anxiety disorder?
A) schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder
C) major depression
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
Dylan is suffering from arachnophobia.His therapist first has him go through relaxation training,and then has him construct a fear hierarchy.Finally,the therapist has Dylan go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses.This approach is called:
A) modeling.
B) flooding.
C) implosive therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.
D) systematic desensitization.
Which statement is MOST accurate?
A) Anxiety is caused by deficient levels of GABA throughout the brain.
B) Long-term anxiety contributes to poor GABA reception.
C) High GABA reception causes long-term anxiety.
D) Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit,leading to increased anxiety.
D) Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit,leading to increased anxiety.
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks.This disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:
A) GABA.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) norepinephrine.
D) norepinephrine.
Disorders that involve particular patterns of repetitive and excessive behavior that greatly disrupt a person’s life and can cause shame are called:
A) body dysmorphic disorders.
B) panic disorders.
C) social anxiety disorders.
D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.
.D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.
The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is:
A) role-playing.
B) relaxation training.
C) construction of a fear hierarchy.
D) graded pairings with the phobic object.
B) relaxation training.
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
A) have relatives who are atypically anxious.
B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies.
C) misinterpret bodily sensations.
D) experience more than the average amount of stress.
C) misinterpret bodily sensations.
Which statement is NOT true regarding specific phobias?
A) Many people have more than one phobia at a time.
B) Repeated exposure to the object causes a gradual fear response.
C) Women are more likely to have a specific phobia compared to men.
D) People make elaborate efforts to avoid the object of specific phobias.
B) Repeated exposure to the object causes a gradual fear response.
A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder,these symptoms must be present for at least how many months?
A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months
.C) 6 months
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms.He thinks that in this case this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner.He is sure this underlying conflict explains his client’s:
A) fugue state.
B) schizophrenia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Which behavioral assumption has the LEAST amount of research to support it?
A) Fear can be acquired through modeling.
B) Phobias are primarily acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
C) Animals can learn to make avoidance responses.
D) Phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
B) Phobias are primarily acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
Which statement is NOT usually true of those persons with body dysmorphic disorder?
A) They are concerned about a particular part of their body.
B) They reduce contacts with others.
C) About half seek surgical or dermatological treatments.
D) Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered normal for a teenager.
.D) Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered normal for a teenager.
A psychologist is seeing a client with a phobic disorder and suggests a course of therapy in which relaxation therapy is paired with the thought of the feared object.This is known as:
A) implosive therapy.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) experimental extinction.
D) self-instruction training.
B) systematic desensitization.
Which of these describes a compulsion?
A) a thought,idea,impulse,or image that seems to invade a person’s consciousness
B) a strong fear that influences anxiety
C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
D) a thought that a person cannot get out of his or her head
C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
According to sociocultural theorists,generalized anxiety disorder is LEAST likely to develop in people who:
A) live near a rundown nuclear power plant.
B) see constant violence in their neighborhood.
C) have a lot of free time to think about their problems.
D) struggle to pay their bills.
C) have a lot of free time to think about their problems.
When he was 5 years old,Sunil was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm.Today,he is extremely afraid of trees.A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:
A) operant conditioning.
B) modeling and imitation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) stimulus generalization.
C) classical conditioning.
People with _____ keep picking at their skin,resulting in significant sores or wounds.
A) body dysmorphic disorder
B) excoriation disorder
C) trichotillomania
D) hoarding disorder
B) excoriation disorder
People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience:
A) a second anxiety disorder.
B) periods of mania.
C) another type of psychiatric disorder.
D) hallucinations.
A) a second anxiety disorder.
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to:
A) increase serotonin activity in the brain.
B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain.
C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters.
D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.
A) increase serotonin activity in the brain.
The scientific name for hair-pulling disorder is:
A) trichotillomania.
B) musomania.
C) traumatomania.
D) gephyromania.
A) trichotillomania.
Which of the following is the phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder?
A) claustrophobia
B) acrophobia
C) agoraphobia
D) metrophobia
C) agoraphobia
The theoretical position that explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety is the _____ approach.
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic
D) psychodynamic
Samuel cannot leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials.He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work.He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything.Samuel is displaying:
A) agoraphobia.
B) an obsession.
C) a checking compulsion.
D) nonpathological caution.
C) a checking compulsion.
Avery,a 28-year-old woman,tells her therapist that she has an intense fear of snakes.She says she has been afraid of snakes since she was a child.Which additional criterion would suggest that Avery meets the diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia?
A) feelings of anxiousness when looking at images of snakes
B) occasional dreams that involve snakes
C) refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present,such as the lake
D) feelings that the world would be better off without snakes
C) refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present,such as the lake
Which therapy is an effective long-term,nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) biological therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) psychodynamic therapy
A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person’s lifespan?
A) the developmental psychopathology perspective
B) the cognitive perspective
C) the psychodynamic perspective
D) the evolutionary perspective
A) the developmental psychopathology perspective
Which descriptor would be LEAST appropriate for someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder,according to the cognitive perspective?
A) Let the good times roll.Don’t worry about tomorrow.
B) I’m a bit of a control freak.
C) It seems that I am always more down than my friends.
D) I’m having a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality.I’m afraid if I think it,it will actually happen.
A) Let the good times roll.Don’t worry about tomorrow.
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and that they were not to vacuum for a week would be receiving which type of therapy?
A) family therapy
B) exposure and response prevention
C) reinforcement for compulsive behavior
D) free association
B) exposure and response prevention
What is anxiety sensitivity?
A) the state of being oblivious to body sensations
B) the inability to assess bodily sensations accurately
C) the interpretation of bodily sensations as abnormally pleasant
D) the confusion of physical and emotional sensations
B) the inability to assess bodily sensations accurately
Lorna is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others,which causes her significant impairment.The MOST accurate diagnosis for her condition would be:
A) agoraphobia.
B) specific phobia.
C) panic disorder.
D) social anxiety disorder.
D) social anxiety disorder.
.
.
Persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities is known as:
a. panic disorder.
b. generalized anxiety disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. agoraphobia.
b. generalized anxiety disorder.
An anxiety disorder is characterized by pervasive anxiety and fear, or by:
a. feelings of sadness and depression.
b. pronounced antisocial tendencies.
c. loss of contact with reality.
d. extreme attempts to avoid these feelings.
e. delusions and hallucinations.
d. extreme attempts to avoid these feelings.
Irina struggles with GAD and often worries about different aspects of her life, her job, and her relationships. She knows that worrying about these issues probably make things worse for her, but she is also concerned that things will get really bad if she doesn’t worry about them. Irina’s behavior supports which theoretical explanation of this disorder?
a. metacognitive theory
b. intolerance of uncertainty theory
c. avoidance theory
d. Basic irrational assumptions
a. metacognitive theory
Which perspective has a focus on changing maladaptive assumptions in treating generalized anxiety disorders?
a. the cognitive-behavioral perspective
b. the psychodynamic perspective
c. the humanistic perspective
d. the biological perspective
a. the cognitive-behavioral perspective
Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop:
a. acute stress disorder
b. claustrophobia
c. social phobia
d. generalised anxiety disorder
e. agoraphobia
e. agoraphobia
Which of these is NOT a type of exposure therapy?
a. systematic desensitisation
b. flooding
c. social skills training
d. modelling
c. social skills training
Common social phobias include all but which one of these problems?
A. fear of talking with otter’s
B. fear of writing while someone watched
C. fear of leaving the house
D. fear of eat or drinking in public
C. fear of leaving the house
Most anxiety disorders are more common in women than in men. Which anxiety disorder does not show a difference in prevalence between men and women?
a. panic disorder
b. social anxiety disorder
c. agoraphobia
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
e. specific phobia
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mariah has a germ obsession. Her therapist rubs Mariah’s hands in dirt and tells her that she cannot wash her hands until after the session. Which behavioral technique is her therapist using?
a. modelling
b. response shaping
c. flooding
d. systematic desensitisation
c. flooding
________ is a disorder in which people pull out hair from their body (e.g., scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes).
a. excoriation disorder
b. body dysmorphic disorder
c. trichotillomania
d. none of these
c. trichotillomania
The biological perspective suggests that panic attacks may be caused by a type of ________ that is hyperactive in people with panic disorder.
a. panic circuit
b. anxiety sensitivity
c. biological challenge
d. neutralising
a. panic circuit
