CHAPTER 6: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards
Compared with African Americans,non-Hispanic white Americans are:
A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and less likely to have recurrent episodes.
C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.
Which statement is TRUE for women experiencing peripartum depression in relation to psychotherapy for depression?
A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within 4 weeks after the birth of their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with peripartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
D) Such women should avoid antidepressant medications,because these medications work well for unipolar depression but not for peripartum depression.
C) Many women with peripartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
Which of the following accurately describes a problem with animal studies of depression?
A) Animals have different brain structures compared to humans.
B) One cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression.
C) It is much harder to control the environmental and genetic factors in animal studies than it is for human studies.
D) Animals cannot complete self-report instruments that are used to measure the symptoms of depression.
B) One cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression.
A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide,great sadness,and sleep disturbances.These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months.This woman is experiencing:
A) the “baby blues.”
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) peripartum depression.
D) peripartum depression.
Compared with people in untroubled marriages,people in troubled marriages are _____ to have a depressive disorder.
A) equally likely
B) somewhat more likely
C) substantially more likely
D) guaranteed
C) substantially more likely
Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:
A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.
B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women.
C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.
D) depression is caused by examining one’s feelings too closely.
A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.
Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm.She never hits the middle.Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with:
A) ECT.
B) a mood-stabilizing drug.
C) imipramine.
D) tranquilizers.
B) a mood-stabilizing drug.
The second phase of Beck’s cognitive therapy is to get the client to:
A) increase activity and elevate mood.
B) identify negative thinking and biases.
C) challenge automatic thoughts.
D) change primary attitudes.
C) challenge automatic thoughts.
According to DSM-5,all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT:
A) distractibility.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) decreased need for sleep.
D) suicidal ideation.
D) suicidal ideation.
Adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder commonly focuses on:
A) convincing clients to keep taking lithium even though they dislike the euphoria it causes.
B) helping clients see that the medication is helping with the depression,even though they may still feel “low” sometimes.
C) emphasizing the importance of taking the medication,even though the patients miss the creative and productive bursts they used to have.
D) preventing patients from abusing (overusing)the lithium to elevate their mood and increase energy.
C) emphasizing the importance of taking the medication,even though the patients miss the creative and productive bursts they used to have.
According to Martin Seligman’s theory,which person would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?
A) someone who experienced controllable negative events and then an uncontrollable negative event
B) someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event
C) someone who experienced controllable negative events and then another controllable negative event
D) someone who experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events
B) someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event
If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors,then we will have evidence that:
A) a single factor causes depression.
B) different factors cause depression in different people.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression.
D) different factors are related to the cause,course,and treatment of depression.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression.
Which of these are neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression?
A) dopamine and acetylcholine
B) dopamine and glutamine
C) serotonin and GABA
D) serotonin and norepinephrine
D) serotonin and norepinephrine
A benefit of adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder is that:
A) therapy can be shortened.
B) adverse effects from drug therapy are reduced.
C) lithium dosages can be decreased.
D) hospitalizations are reduced.
D) hospitalizations are reduced.
Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
A) neurotransmitter activity.
B) ion activity.
C) hormonal functioning.
D) genetic factors.
C) hormonal functioning.
The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:
A) Aaron Beck.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Martin Seligman.
D) Peter Lewinsohn.
B) Sigmund Freud.
One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful in treating unipolar depression is:
A) folate
B) vitamin E.
C) melatonin.
D) St.John’s wort.
D) St.John’s wort.
If neurotransmitters are linked to depression,which of these would be LEAST likely to be observed in a study?
A) lower levels of certain neurotransmitters in people who are depressed compared with those who are not depressed
B) an increase in depressive symptoms after a person take a drug that blocks the effects of certain neurotransmitters
C) a decrease in depressive symptoms once certain neurotransmitter levels in people with depression have been restored
D) a near-zero correlation between certain neurotransmitter levels and the number or severity of depressive symptoms a person reports
D) a near-zero correlation between certain neurotransmitter levels and the number or severity of depressive symptoms a person reports
Which is NOT a reason why people with depression take nutraceuticals?
A) Intolerable side effects have developed with conventional treatments.
B) They cannot afford conventional treatments.
C) They prefer modern medications.
D) They prefer more natural treatments.
C) They prefer modern medications.
A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus,although it produces a normal number of new neurons.This is:
A) normal.
B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus,causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
C) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus,causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
D) very unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus,causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.
B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus,causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
Considering that numerous chromosomes have genetic markers that are associated with unipolar depression,which inference may we draw about the link between genetic factors and depression?
A) The genetic basis for depression is stronger than other factors that are linked to depression.
B) Genetic screening should be used to identify those individuals who are at risk for developing depression.
C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime.
D) People with genetic markers for depression are destined to develop depression at some point in their lifetime.
C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime.
What is the average age of onset of unipolar depression?
A) 8
B) 19
C) 28
D) 45
B) 19
Since immediately after the birth of her son,Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him.She has never felt this way before,and this sadness has now been going on for several weeks.With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) peripartum
D) melancholic
C) peripartum
If bipolar disorder is genetically linked,then which of the following research findings,if obtained,would be the least likely?
A) Genetic markers on chromosomes are exclusively linked to bipolar disorder.
B) Children of biological parents with bipolar disorder are more likely to have the disorder than children of adoptive parents who have the disorder.
C) A person who has an identical twin with bipolar disorder has a greater risk of developing the disorder compared to a person who has a fraternal twin with the disorder.
D) The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.
D) The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.
Destiny was taking a tricyclic to treat her unipolar depression.Upon resolution of her depressive symptoms,Destiny immediately stopped taking her tricyclic.How likely is it that she will experience a relapse?
A) Very low; the relapse rate in this situation is less than 8 percent.
B) Low; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 15 percent.
C) High; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 50 percent.
D) Very high; the relapse rate in this situation is almost 80 percent.
C) High; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 50 percent.
According to Seligman’s research,dogs that were initially exposed to inescapable electric shocks learned to _____ when given the opportunity to avoid subsequent escapable shocks.
A) quickly escape
B) do nothing
C) engage in novel behaviors
D) bark and whimper
B) do nothing
What kind of depression is unipolar?
A) depression that occurs without periods of mania
B) depression that stems from a single event in one’s life
C) depression that includes only extreme sadness as a symptom
D) depression that occurs due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter
A) depression that occurs without periods of mania
According to the developmental psychopathology perspective,moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood.
A) dysphoric
B) resilient
C) regressive
D) rebellious
B) resilient
Unconsciously interpreting the loss of a valued object as the loss of a loved one is referred to as _____ loss.
A) tertiary
B) projected
C) symbolic
D) indirect
C) symbolic
An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems.The person consequently loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around.A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:
A) learned helplessness.
B) object relations loss.
C) sociocultural changes.
D) loss of positive social rewards
D) loss of positive social rewards
Which sociocultural theory does NOT attempt to explain the link between gender and depression?
A) artifact theory
B) life stress theory
C) interpersonal conflict theory
D) rumination theory
C) interpersonal conflict theory
Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers,even though it is obvious to others that they should,and actually could,leave.A good explanation for their behavior is:
A) symbolic (imagined)loss.
B) learned helplessness.
C) artifact theory.
D) body dissatisfaction.
B) learned helplessness.
Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?
A) catatonic
B) seasonal
C) melancholic
D) posttraumatic
D) posttraumatic
What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression?
A) social rewards theory and object relations theory
B) object relations theory and the theory of negative thinking
C) the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
D) the theory of learned helplessness and psychodynamic theory.
C) the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs.She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence,amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws,and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws.You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) biological
C) existential
D) psychoanalytic
A) cognitive-behavioral
To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome,an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:
A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.
D) two years
The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say,”Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage,” is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) biological clinician.
C) cognitive-behavioral clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.
If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one’s weight,that finding would provide strong evidence:
A) against the hormone explanation.
B) for the hormone explanation.
C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.
If a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea, vomiting, sluggishness, tremors, and seizures, one would suspect that:
A) the person does not have bipolar disorder.
B) the person is experiencing lithium intoxication.
C) the dose is too low.
D) the person needs adjunctive therapy.
B) the person is experiencing lithium intoxication.
Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations,such as poverty and menial jobs,than men.This is the:
A) self-blame theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) life stress theory.
D) lack-of-control theory.
C) life stress theory.
Which evidence is the MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression?
A) Studies have shown a link between neurotransmitters and depression.
B) Dogs that had learned to be helpless displayed symptoms of depression.
C) Depression affects people whose childhood needs were met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.
D) Infant monkeys that were “raised” by a surrogate mother covered in terry cloth showed depressive symptoms when separated from the “mother.”
C) Depression affects people whose childhood needs were met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.
Neurochemically,both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are associated with:
A) low serotonin activity.
B) high serotonin activity.
C) low dopamine activity.
D) high dopamine activity.
A) low serotonin activity.
ECT has changed has changed over the years so that patients now receive:
A) higher levels of current.
B) muscle relaxants before the procedure.
C) oxygen to prevent memory loss.
D) insulin.
B) muscle relaxants before the procedure.
A woman in a middle-level manager’s job is repeatedly not promoted,no matter how hard she tries,even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted.If she develops depression because of her work experiences,the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is:
A) artifact theory.
B) hormone theory.
C) lack of control theory.
D) cognitive triad theory.
C) lack of control theory.
Which statement is the MOST important reason for the decline in the use of electroconvulsive therapy since the 1950s?
A) It was shown not to be effective in cases of severe depression with delusions.
B) It is too expensive and not covered by medical insurance.
C) Antidepressant drugs were developed.
D) Most memory loss appeared to be permanent.
C) Antidepressant drugs were developed.
Which is NOT a common focus of psychotherapy, as part of adjunctive therapy, for bipolar disorder?
A) challenging clients’ automatic thoughts
B) preventing clients from attempting suicide
C) educating clients and their families about bipolar disorders
D) helping clients solve the family,school,and occupational problems caused by their disorder
A) challenging clients’ automatic thoughts
If one assumes that the frequency of text messaging is positively correlated with psychological problems,then what would be the predicted relationship between the number of text messages people send and their self-reported levels of stress,unhappiness,and anxiety?
A) As one increases,the others decrease.
B) As one increases,the others also increase.
C) As one increases,the others remain unchanged.
D) There is no valid way to assess the relationships among these variables.
B) As one increases,the others also increase.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorder?
A) It is a rare condition,affecting fewer than 20 in 100,000 people.
B) It is the most common depressive disorder in the United States.
C) It affects millions of people in the United States,between 1 and 2.6 percent of all adults.
D) It affects most people at some point in their lifetime.
C) It affects millions of people in the United States,between 1 and 2.6 percent of all adults.
A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder.
A) dysthymic
B) anhedonic
C) cyclothymic
D) anxiety
C) cyclothymic
The statement that men and women are equally prone to depression,but clinicians often fail to detect depressive symptoms in men,reflects the _____ theory.
A) life stress
B) lack-of-control
C) rumination
D) artifact
D) artifact
According to Aaron Beck,what are central to the development of unipolar depression?
A) negative thoughts
B) underlying conflicts
C) reduced social rewards
D) losses in childhood
A) negative thoughts
Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility.He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves.His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night.Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic
B) catatonic
Using past experiences to believe that one has no control over the reinforcements in one’s life is called:
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) learned helplessness.
C) negative attribution theory.
D) persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome
B) learned helplessness.
Lithium appears to affect:
A) neurons’ second messengers.
B) absorption of salt.
C) brain seizure activity.
D) reuptake of serotonin.
A) neurons’ second messengers.
Talking rapidly, dressing flamboyantly, and getting involved in dangerous activities are _____ symptoms of mania.
A) behavioral
B) motivational
C) cognitive
D) emotional
A) behavioral
Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person’s:
A) negative interpretation of events.
B) symbolic losses.
C) decrease in positive activities.
D) ethnic background.
A) negative interpretation of events.
The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably:
A) wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus.
B) correct,although researchers have not identified the specifics of the relationship.
C) wrong; activity in the prefrontal cortex is the same in those persons with depression compared with those persons who are not diagnosed with depression.
D) correct; unusually high activity in some parts and unusually low activity in other parts of the prefrontal cortex are associated with depression.
D) correct; unusually high activity in some parts and unusually low activity in other parts of the prefrontal cortex are associated with depression.
Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65. What is one possible reason for this,according to the text?
A) Older adults are less likely to seek medical help and,therefore,remain undiagnosed.
B) Depression in older adults is commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder.
C) Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age.
D) The DSM-5 criteria to diagnose severe unipolar depression require that the condition present in childhood.
C) Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age.
DSM-5 added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)as a diagnosis for certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation.Why has this been an ongoing controversy?
A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis.
B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.
D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.
Which statement is FALSE regarding the use of ECT and drug therapies for treating depression?
A) ECT works more quickly than drug therapy in reducing depression.
B) ECT works somewhat more effectively than drug therapy in treating depression.
C) ECT is likely to be prescribed first,and if it doesn’t work,then drugs are prescribed.
D) ECT appears to be somewhat more successful in reducing short-term suicide risk.
C) ECT is likely to be prescribed first,and if it doesn’t work,then drugs are prescribed.
.
.
.
.
You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron?
A) the gap between neurons
B) the firing of the sending neuron
C) the firing of the receiving neuron
D) the reception of the neurotransmitter by the receiving neuron
C) the firing of the receiving neuron
Martin Seligman developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:
A) the loss of a loved one,real or symbolic.
B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts.
C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements.
D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one’s life.
D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one’s life.
Among the biological treatments for depression,which one uses an implanted pulse generator?
A) ECT
B) deep brain stimulation
C) vagus nerve stimulation
D) TMS
C) vagus nerve stimulation
In general,object relations theorists follow the _____ perspective.
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) existential
D) psychodynamic
D) psychodynamic
.
.
How can exercise can help alleviate depression?
A) by increasing muscle mass
B) by producing social interactions
C) by increasing a person’s motivation to stay fit
D) by decreasing the body’s need for glucose
B) by producing social interactions
A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault,that she ruins everything,and that she always will.The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:
A) internal,global,stable factors.
B) internal,specific,stable factors.
C) internal,global,unstable factors.
D) internal,specific,unstable factors.
A) internal,global,stable factors.
Which person is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression?
A) a man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States
B) a woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life
C) a boy from the United States in his early teens
D) a girl from the United States who is of Hispanic descent
B) a woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life
Which of these is a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A) mania
B) psychosis
C) memory loss
D) hirsutism
C) memory loss
Ruminative responses are defined as:
A) one’s losing the ability to make rational decisions.
B) failing to act because a person perceives no control over the outcomes that follow his or her actions.
C) repeatedly mentally dwelling on one’s mood without acting to change it.
D) behaviors that occur frequently for a period of several months.
C) repeatedly mentally dwelling on one’s mood without acting to change it.
More than _____ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 75 percent
C) 60 percent
Which statement is TRUE regarding people experiencing mania?
A) They are acutely aware of their domineering,excessive behaviors.
B) They want excitement and companionship.
C) They enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends.
D) They enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.
B) They want excitement and companionship.
Both of Nolan’s parents suffered from depression and were generally unresponsive to his needs when he was a child.When Nolan was 9,his house burned down due to an electrical problem,but he blamed himself for the event.As a young adult,Nolan was diagnosed with depression shortly after his divorce.This example illustrates the _____ perspective.
A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) sociocultural
D) developmental psychopathology
D) developmental psychopathology
Family pedigree,twin,and gene studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression.These studies are indicative of which theoretical framework?
A) the humanist framework
B) the biological framework
C) the behavioral framework
D) the psychodynamic framework
B) the biological framework
The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?
A) the cognitive-behavioral perspective
B) the biological perspective
C) the family-social perspective
D) the humanistic perspective
B) the biological perspective
By regressing to the oral stage of development,mourners merge their identity with that of the person they lost,thereby symbolically regaining the person they lost.This statement defines the psychodynamic concept of:
A) repression.
B) introjection.
C) introspection.
D) projection.
B) introjection.
Your aunt says,”I know I’m depressed,and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however,I never actually do anything about it.” She is:
A) providing an example of the cognitive triad.
B) making ruminative responses.
C) committing errors in logic.
D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.
B) making ruminative responses.
Regarding the symptoms of depression,a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom,such as:
A) waking up with a headache and nausea.
B) thinking that nothing good will happen if one does get out of bed.
C) staying in bed all day.
D) waking up feeling sad and miserable.
C) staying in bed all day.
Which description BEST indicates how tricyclics work upon ingestion?
A) The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin are blocked; larger amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin are released,and there is less neuronal firing.
B) The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin are blocked,norepinephrine or serotonin remains in the synapse longer; and there is increased stimulation of receiving neurons.
C) There is less neuronal firing; more norepinephrine and serotonin are released; and reuptake slows release of norepinephrine and serotonin.
D) Norepinephrine and serotonin are blocked; neurons cease firing briefly; and neurons begin firing without norepinephrine and serotonin.
B) The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin are blocked,norepinephrine or serotonin remains in the synapse longer; and there is increased stimulation of receiving neurons.
Which statement is the BEST example of a claim that would be made by a developmental psychopathology theorist?
A) Depression during childhood is the best predictor of depression in adulthood.
B) Depression stems from exposure to pathogens that occur during prenatal development.
C) Depression is normal during early development and becomes a disorder during late adolescence.
D) Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence.
D) Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence.
All the following are part of Beck’s theory of depression EXCEPT:
A) the cognitive triad.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) maladaptive attitudes.
D) symbolic loss.
D) symbolic loss.
A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes.What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?
A) Nothing much would happen-the drug works specifically on manic episodes.
B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.
C) The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes,followed by a return to the usual intensity.
D) The person would probably develop unipolar depression.
B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.
Researchers were searching for drugs to treat schizophrenia when they came across imipramine,which alleviated the symptoms of depression,although it was not effective against schizophrenia.It became the first of a class of drugs,all sharing a similar molecular structure,called:
A) tyramines.
B) tricyclics.
C) neuroleptics.
D) MAO inhibitors.
B) tricyclics.
Which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression?
A) Men and boys are almost twice as likely as women and girls to have unipolar depression.
B) Men are at least twice as likely as women to have unipolar depression,but girls are twice as likely as boys to develop unipolar depression.
C) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression,but boys are twice as likely as girls to develop unipolar depression.
D) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression,but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.
D) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression,but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.
_____ is a treatment in which tiny holes are drilled into the skull through which electrodes are implanted into the brain.
A) Vagus nerve stimulation
B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) Deep brain stimulation
D) ECT
C) Deep brain stimulation
Which of the following is NOT a physical symptom of depression?
A) sleeping poorly
B) eating less frequently
C) experiencing frequent headaches
D) feeling sad and dejected
D) feeling sad and dejected
Pierre,a 32-year-old male,feels terrible.He is sad,tired,and depressed,but he refuses to show it.This is consistent with the:
A) hormone theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) quality-of-life theory.
D) social pressure.
B) artifact theory.
In the United States,the highest depression rate is found in:
A) divorced people.
B) married people.
C) widowed people.
D) never-married people.
A) divorced people.
A woman being treated for peripartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:
A) experience peripartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again.
B) experience peripartum depression only after the birth of a first child.
C) have a 25 to 50 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.
D) have a 100 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.
C) have a 25 to 50 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.
Which finding would MOST STRONGLY support the assumption that learned helplessness is a potential cause of depression?
A) evidence from archival records showing increases in the incidence of depression following natural disasters
B) evidence from a survey showing that most depressed people report prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events
C) evidence from an experiment showing that when people are exposed to uncontrollable negative events,depressive symptoms follow
D) evidence from a clinical interview in which a client reports being exposed to uncontrollable negative events prior to seeking therapy
C) evidence from an experiment showing that when people are exposed to uncontrollable negative events,depressive symptoms follow
What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?
A) They are used primarily to treat persons with mild forms of depression.
B) Despite early promise,they have proved not to be effective treatments for depression.
C) They are usually tried before medications to avoid medication-induced side effects.
D) Research on their use suggests that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.
D) Research on their use suggests that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
A) the biochemical theoretical orientation
B) the cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientation
C) the psychoanalytic theoretical orientation
D) the sociocultural theoretical orientation
D) the sociocultural theoretical orientation
After a couple divorced,you learn that one of them is suffering from depression.It is MOST likely that:
A) the man’s depression led to the divorce.
B) the woman’s depression led to the divorce.
C) a troubled marriage led to the depression.
D) the depression developed after the divorce,due to the stress of starting to date again.
C) a troubled marriage led to the depression.
Which brain structure or region is NOT part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) corpus callosum
D) subgenual cingulate
C) corpus callosum
Family pedigree,twin,and gene studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression.These studies have found:
A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
D) no compelling evidence for depression among relatives of a depressed individual.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which cause of bipolar disorder?
A) inappropriate neurotransmitter levels
B) genetic linkage patterns
C) brain structure
D) ion activity at the cellular level
C) brain structure
The psychodynamic theory of depression based on the notion that a set of unconscious processes become engaged when a person experiences a loss was developed by:
A) Aaron Beck and Martin Seligman.
B) Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham.
C) John Dollard and Neal Miller.
D) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
B) Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham.
A person who is recovering from unipolar depression continues to take a tricyclic for several months after most symptoms are gone.What kind of therapy is this?
A) tertiary
B) maintenance
C) precautionary
D) double
B) maintenance
The developmental psychopathology perspective of depression can be characterized as:
A) the most influential perspective because it has generated the most research.
B) a view that ties together many of the factors that are included in other theories.
C) a modern formulation of Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
D) a view that is likely to be abandoned in the future because it makes few testable predictions.
B) a view that ties together many of the factors that are included in other theories.
After a person completes a successful ECT treatment of depression,current research suggests:
A) all treatment can be stopped.
B) drug treatment should begin.
C) some type of continuation or maintenance therapy is needed.
D) a follow-up with the same type of therapy is required.
C) some type of continuation or maintenance therapy is needed.
The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask,”Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?”,is a(n):
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) existential clinician.
C) cognitive-behavioral clinic
D) sociocultural clinician.
A) psychodynamic clinician.
A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity.These changes are MOST common among people taking which kind of antidepressant medication?
A) MAO inhibitors
B) tricyclics
C) second-generation antidepressants
D) vagus nerve stimulators
C) second-generation antidepressants
The risk of negative side effects for people who take MAO inhibitors can be mitigated by making changes in which aspect of life?
A) diet
B) the type and amount of exercise they get
C) the person’s sex life
D) sun exposure
A) diet
A man diagnosed with unipolar depression exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old.Among those experiencing unipolar depression,his case is:
A) common; the average age of diagnosis is middle age and depression is more common in men.
B) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is middle age but depression is more common in women.
C) uncommon; although more common in men,the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood.
D) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood and depression is more common in women.
D) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood and depression is more common in women.
Françoise is depressed.Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences,focusing on how often people say nice things to her.Her therapist MOST likely has a:
A) humanistic orientation.
B) biological orientation.
C) cognitive-behavioral orientation.
D) biochemical orientation.
C) cognitive-behavioral orientation.
Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong,with nothing in between,need to focus on which phase of Beck’s treatment for depression?
A) increasing activities and elevating mood
B) challenging automatic thoughts
C) identifying negative thinking and biases
D) changing primary attitudes
C) identifying negative thinking and biases
Ugo Cerletti,the first psychiatrist to use ECT effectively,later abandoned the procedure because of:
A) the introduction of antipsychotic medications.
B) the likelihood of causing broken bones and dislocated joints.
C) the trend toward using bilateral shocks rather than unilateral shocks.
D) better results from using insulin.
B) the likelihood of causing broken bones and dislocated joints.
A clinician who looks at the influence of race,living conditions,marital status,and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely subscribe to which theoretical orientation?
A) the cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientation
B) the humanistic theoretical orientation
C) sociocultural theoretical orientation
D) psychodynamic theoretical orientation
C) sociocultural theoretical orientation
A 12-year-old middle-school European American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder.Which characteristic is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?
A) her age
B) her ethnicity
C) her gender
D) her socioeconomic background
A) her age
What would a person have if a biochemical imbalance were the cause of that person’s depression?
A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters,especially serotonin and norepinephrine
B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine and their metabolites
C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin,as measured by their metabolites
D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin
A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters,especially serotonin and norepinephrine
Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies,talking to his friends,or even playing with his dog.In fact,Brody didn’t even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work.This BEST describes someone with:
A) fatalism.
B) anhedonia.
C) automatic thinking.
D) dysregulation.
B) anhedonia.
Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold?
A) the multicultural perspective
B) the family-social perspective
C) the developmental psychopathology perspective
D) the psychodynamic perspective
C) the developmental psychopathology perspective
A statement that would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad is:
A) Everyone is out to get me.
B) Life is just too overwhelming.
C) I don’t even want to wake up tomorrow.
D) Everything I do is useless and a failure.
A) Everyone is out to get me.
Sheryl views events as beyond her control,yet constantly asks herself why this is so.This is an example of:
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) attribution-helplessness.
C) the cognitive triad.
D) object relations.
B) attribution-helplessness.
.
.
Which conclusion could be drawn about the current theories of gender differences in relation to depression?
A) They all have some supporting evidence,but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain.
B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations.
C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation.
D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.
A) They all have some supporting evidence,but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain.
The statement “My girlfriend broke up with me because I am worthless” BEST reflects a(n):
A) internal attribution.
B) external attribution.
C) unstable attribution.
D) stable attribution.
A) internal attribution
Someone who experiences four or more alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as having:
A) bipolar II seasonal.
B) bipolar II rapid cycling.
C) bipolar I mixed episodes.
D) bipolar I.
B) bipolar II rapid cycling.
Which disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons?
A) persistent depressive disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
B) major depressive disorder
Which statement BEST describes what is known about the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?
A) Serotonin and norepinephrine work independently of each other.
B) Serotonin has greater influence than norepinephrine in unipolar depression,but not in other disorders.
C) The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself.
D) Studies have shown weak linkages between serotonin and norepinephrine activity regarding unipolar depression.
C) The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself.
During a manic episode,Angie tells her partner that she is getting a tattoo.Her partner tells her that they don’t have any extra money for a tattoo,explaining that they need the money for food.Which response would be typical in a manic episode in this situation?
A) Angie disagrees with her partner and feels frustrated,but she ultimately spends the money on groceries.
B) Angie experiences a loss of self-esteem.
C) Angie pauses,thinks about the consequences of getting a new tattoo,and then decides that it is a bad idea.
D) Angie ignores her partner’s response to her idea and gets a tattoo anyway.
D) Angie ignores her partner’s response to her idea and gets a tattoo anyway.
A friend who has unipolar depression says,”I can’t do anything right.Nobody will ever love me again.” This statement reflects a(n):
A) cognitive symptom.
B) behavioral symptom.
C) emotional symptom.
D) motivational symptom.
A) cognitive symptom.
Which is the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania?
A) They are highly correlated with positive life events.
B) They are the same as the symptoms of depression (e.g.,sadness)but accompanied by aggressiveness.
C) They don’t include a sense of the impact of one’s actions on others.
D) They very seldom include physical activity,instead usually include only mental activity.
C) They don’t include a sense of the impact of one’s actions on others.
A woman who has just given birth is anxious,has trouble sleeping,and feels sad.These symptoms diminish over the next couple of weeks.What she has experienced is MOST likely:
A) the “baby blues,” something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
B) the “baby blues,” something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
C) peripartum depression,something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
D) peripartum depression,something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
B) the “baby blues,” something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like a:
A) roller coaster-up and down,up and down.
B) meteorite-a sudden burst of energy that is quickly gone.
C) power plant’s output-steady,regular energy being produced.
D) flash flood-spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.
D) flash flood-spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.
Which of the following is an ACCURATE conclusion from extensive studies of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment?
A) No more than one or two treatments appear to be effective in the treatment of depression.
B) No matter which other treatment is used,drug treatment is essential and should be tried first.
C) All treatments are equally effective in treating depression.
D) Cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are all effective treatments.
D) Cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are all effective treatments.
A person experiencing mania goes out with friends,looking for adventure.In addition,the individual talks loudly,runs rather than walks,and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street.These symptoms are primarily:
A) emotional and cognitive.
B) physical and cognitive.
C) motivational and behavioral.
D) motivational and emotional.
C) motivational and behavioral.
Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all the following characteristics EXCEPT:
A) problematic emotional extremes.
B) periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes.
C) significant distress or impairment.
D) inappropriate rises in mood.
D) inappropriate rises in mood.
MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them.What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?
A) They stimulate serotonin production.
B) They block synapses that release norepinephrine.
C) They interfere with the destruction of serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) They raise the levels of monoamine oxidase in the brain.
C) They interfere with the destruction of serotonin and norepinephrine.
A state of breathless euphoria,or frenzied energy,in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power,is characteristic of:
A) mania.
B) dysthymia.
C) depression.
D) cyclothymia.
A) mania.
Which structure is a distinct part of the depression-related brain circuit?
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) subgenual cingulate
D) prefrontal cortex
C) subgenual cingulate
Unlike unipolar depression,bipolar depression is associated with high _____ activity.
A) GABA
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine
D) norepinephrine
Researchers have found that when an identical twin has unipolar depression,there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder.A fraternal twin is only 20 percent likely to have the same disorder.This finding:
A) proves that unipolar depression does not have a genetic factor.
B) supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.
C) shows that spending time with people who have unipolar depression increases an individual’s own risk for developing the same disorder.
D) demonstrates that if one sibling has unipolar depression,other siblings of the same sex are likely to develop the same disorder.
B) supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.
_____ is the defining characteristic of melancholic depression.
A) Catatonia
B) Anhedonia
C) Mania
D) Dysphoria
B) Anhedonia
The accidental discovery of drugs that increased serotonin and norepinephrine activity also led to effective treatments for what disorder?
A) unipolar depression
B) bipolar I disorder
C) bipolar II disorder
D) posttraumatic stress disorder
A) unipolar depression
How long must depression last to be classified as a major depressive episode?
A) two weeks
B) two months
C) one year
D) two years
A) two weeks
If people with unipolar depression were found to have lower levels of norepinephrine,such a finding would support which perspective?
A) the biological perspective
B) the sociocultural perspective
C) the psychological perspective
D) the developmental psychopathology perspective
A) the biological perspective
Mood-stabilizing drugs have been found to increase the production of:
A) potassium ions.
B) first messengers.
C) serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
D) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
A person displaying sadness,lack of energy,headaches,and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following types of symptoms EXCEPT:
A) emotional symptoms. B) motivational symptoms. C) behavioral symptoms. D) cognitive symptoms. Multiple Choice
C) behavioral symptoms.
On an impulse,Jaxson decides to throw a huge party.After four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready,Jaxson welcomes more than 200 guests.When the police stop by because Jaxson has blocked a public road in order to have room for the party,he flies into a rage.It is MOST likely that Jaxson is experiencing:
A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder.
B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.
C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder.
D) hypomania.
B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.
What kind of clinician would be MOST likely to say,”Tell me about any early losses you experienced,” to a client?
A) psychodynamic clinician
B) biological clinician
C) cognitive-behavioral clinician
D) sociocultural clinician
A) psychodynamic clinician
The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called:
A) hypomanic-depressive disorder.
B) dysthymic disorder.
C) cyclothymic disorder.
D) manic-depressive disorder.
C) cyclothymic disorder.
Which assumption is shared by both the cognitive-behavioral perspective and the family-social perspective regarding the roots of depression?
A) that genetic predispositions are linked to depression
B) unconditional positive regard for individuals suffering from depression
C) unconscious processes stemming from early childhood experiences
D) depression as a product of the social rewards a person receives from others
D) depression as a product of the social rewards a person receives from others
How are the features of the “baby blues” different from the symptoms of peripartum depression?
A) Both the “baby blues” and peripartum depression have the same symptoms.
B) The symptoms of the two differ depending on the age of the mother and the number of children she has had.
C) The symptoms of the “baby blues” are like those of peripartum depression but are less severe and persistent.
D) Unlike in peripartum depression,the symptoms of the “baby blues” persist for several months following the birth of a baby.
C) The symptoms of the “baby blues” are like those of peripartum depression but are less severe and persistent.
Historically,peripartum depression has been labeled:
A) peripheral depression.
B) postpartum depression.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
B) postpartum depression.
Which statement MOST accurately reflects the connections among stress,immune function,and unipolar depression?
A) Unipolar depression disrupts immune function,which then produces stress.
B) Stress produces unipolar depression,which then may lead to a dysregulated immune system.
C) A dysregulated immune system produces unipolar depression,which may then produce stress.
D) Stress disrupts immune functioning,which may then produce unipolar depression.
D) Stress disrupts immune functioning,which may then produce unipolar depression.
Most second-generation antidepressants are:
A) serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
B) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
C) tricyclic antidepressants.
D) monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
B) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Cora has just been prescribed lithium.In the initial period of its use,Cora should expect:
A) new dietary restrictions.
B) concurrent brain stimulation sessions.
C) regular blood and laboratory test monitoring.
D) improvement in her depressive symptoms but not her mania.
C) regular blood and laboratory test monitoring.
A stimulating current is sent through a patient’s prefrontal cortex in:
A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) deep brain stimulation
C) electroconvulsive therapy
D) vagus nerve stimulation
A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
What is the BEST example of a motivational symptom of unipolar depression?
A) a man who no longer feels happy or interested in his hobby of cycling
B) a woman who thinks that her sadness will never go away
C) a man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering
D) a woman who no longer goes out with friends and stays home alone for weeks
D) a woman who no longer goes out with friends and stays home alone for weeks
Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as:
A) behavioral contingency management.
B) behavioral cognition.
C) behavioral activation.
D) behavioral confrontation.
C) behavioral activation.
What is one of the main problems in determining whether one’s depression is endogenous or reactive?
A) Most people forget,or repress,the stressful events that may have led to their depression.
B) It is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence.
C) People with depression often underreport being exposed to stressful events.
D) It is virtually impossible to study endogenous factors that are linked to depression.
B) It is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence.
The substances that relay the original message from the receptor site to the firing mechanism of the neuron are:
A) brain-derived proteins.
B) second messengers.
C) ions.
D) protein kinase C.
B) second messengers.
Of the following disorders, psychotherapy plays a more central role in:
A) bipolar I disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) rapid cycling bipolar disorder.
D) cyclothymic disorder.
D) cyclothymic disorder.
Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE?
A) Most individuals with unipolar depression require more than one year of treatment before seeing improvement.
B) The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months,sometimes without treatment.
C) About half of the individuals who receive treatment for unipolar depression improve within the first 6 months; all individuals experience full recovery within one year,even without treatment.
D) Treatment for unipolar depression is always required and is effective almost immediately in approximately two-thirds of all individuals.
B) The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months,sometimes without treatment.
The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is the:
A) number of depressive and manic episodes.
B) severity of the manic episodes.
C) number of depressive episodes.
D) seasonal variation in the episodes.
B) severity of the manic episodes.
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that losses that happen early in life,such as the death of a father,are associated with depression later in life?
A) humanistic
B) biochemical
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) psychodynamic
D) psychodynamic
Which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression based on their demographic characteristics?
A) a teenage boy who lives in poverty
B) a woman who lives with her wealthy parents
C) an elderly man who lives in a low-income area
D) a man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home
Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.
A) a teenage boy who lives in poverty
Which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression based on their demographic characteristics?
A) a teenage boy who lives in poverty
B) a woman who lives with her wealthy parents
C) an elderly man who lives in a low-income area
D) a man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home
Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.
A) a teenage boy who lives in poverty
The lifetime prevalence for major depression is approximately _____ percent.
a. 6
b. 12.
c. 20
d. 30
c. 20
Which of these has NOT been found to be a potential cause for depression?
a. genetic inheritance
b. helplessness
c. high levels of neurotransmitters
d. faulty cognitive sets
c. high levels of neurotransmitters
According to Beck’s cognitive therapy, depression is caused by:
a. a discrepancy between the self-concept and reality.
b. unconscious conflicts created in early childhood.
c. a chemical imbalance in the cerebral cortex.
d. distorted thoughts that make a person feel worthless.
e. asymmetries in frontal brain activation.
d. distorted thoughts that make a person feel worthless.
Women experience major depression at twice the rate seen in men. Which theory suggests that this difference is only the result of the disorder failing to be diagnosed in men but that in actuality there is no true gender difference?
a. lack-of-control theory
b. life stress theory
c. artifact theory
d. hormone explanation
e. rumination theory
c. artifact theory
What percentage of depressed adults who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy show significant improvement in their symptoms?
a. 5% to 10%
b. 20% to 30%
c. 50% to 60%
d. 80% to 90%
c. 50% to 60%
Initially used as a treatment for schizophrenia, electroconvulsive therapy continues to be used as a fast and effective treatment for which mental illness?
a. generalized anxiety disorder
b. bipolar disorder
c. borderline personality disorder
d. depression
e. agoraphobia
d. depression
Carla has a disorder marked by feelings of both extreme euphoria and high levels of sadness. Which disorder does she MOST likely have?
a. depression
b. mania
c. unipolar depression
d. bipolar disorder
d. bipolar disorder
What is the primary difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?
a. People with bipolar I have full manic and depressive episodes.
b. People with bipolar II have full manic and depressive episodes.
c. People with bipolar II experience extreme levels of mania but relatively mild depressive symptoms.
d. People with bipolar I experience mildly manic episodes that alternate with major depressive symptoms.
a. People with bipolar I have full manic and depressive episodes.
Which neurotransmitter clearly seems to differentiate depression and mania in people with bipolar disorder?
a. norepinephrine
b. serotonin
c. epinephrine
d. dopamine
e. GABA
a. norepinephrine
What MUST be present for a person to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder?
a. a major depressive episode
b. a manic episode
c. both a major depressive episode and a manic episode
d. two cycles of major depression and mania
e. a depressive episode with periods of mania suspected
b. a manic episode
If one assumes that the frequency of text messaging is positively correlated with psychological problems, then what would be the predicted relationship between the number of text messages people send and their self-reported levels of stress, unhappiness, and anxiety?
A) As one increases, the others decrease.
B) As one increases, the others also increase.
C) As one increases, the others remain unchanged.
D) There is no valid way to assess the relationships among these variables.
B) As one increases, the others also increase.
