CHAPTER 9: Eating Disorders

Question 1

People who are overweight and regularly binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing:

A) binge-purge disorder.
B) anorexia-bulimia disorder.
C) binge-eating disorder.
D) noncompensatory binge disorder.

Answer 1

C) binge-eating disorder.

Question 2

If a person had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges,about how many of his or her binges per week would a friend of this person expect to witness?

A) 10
B) 0
C) 7
D) 40

Answer 2

B) 0

Question 3

Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in:

A) compensatory behaviors.
B) purging.
C) enmeshment.
D) exposure and response prevention.

Answer 3

A) compensatory behaviors.

Question 4

A person who has anorexia nervosa has dry, rough, cracked skin and may develop lanugo. Why would you not expect to see these symptoms in someone with binge-eating disorder?

A) These symptoms develop primarily in women.
B) These symptoms are the result of an overactive thyroid.
C) These symptoms result from nutritional deficiencies caused by starvation.
D) These symptoms result from excessive,unhealthy levels of exercise.

Answer 4

C) These symptoms result from nutritional deficiencies caused by starvation.

Question 5

At lunch,Vincent,a patient in therapy,eats exactly 23 almonds,which he chews exactly 23 times each.This is a symptom of anorexia nervosa related to:

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) substance abuse.

Answer 5

C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 6

The levels of _____ are low in many people with depression as well as in those with eating disorders.

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) histamine
D) norepinephrine

Answer 6

B) serotonin

Question 7

A therapist who sat with a patient with bulimia while the patient ate appropriate quantities of “forbidden” foods,and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge,would be practicing:

A) exposure and response prevention.
B) group insight-oriented therapy.
C) correction of cognitive misperceptions.
D) supportive nursing care.

Answer 7

A) exposure and response prevention.

Question 8

Idrina,who is fifteen,has a negative perception of her body.She is most likely dissatisfied with her:

A) upper arms.
B) waist.
C) thighs.
D) chest.

Answer 8

C) thighs.

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE regarding anorexia nervosa?

A) Most people recover,but those who do not are most likely to die from starvation or suicide.
B) Death from starvation is a common outcome in people with this condition.
C) About half of all people with this condition will experience a life-threatening cardiac event.
D) The death rate from anorexia has declined to less than 1 percent.

Answer 9

A) Most people recover,but those who do not are most likely to die from starvation or suicide.

Question 10

Ophelia is a college-aged woman with a history of dieting.Over the past few months,she has drastically reduced how much food she consumes.She views her constant hunger pain as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating.Even though her weight is now below average,Ophelia still views herself as overweight.As her health care provider,you suspect possible anorexia nervosa.Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa?

A) a history of mental illness
B) fear of becoming overweight
C) extroverted personality
D) history of being a picky eater

Answer 10

B) fear of becoming overweight

Question 11

Studies have reported that adolescent girls who spend increased time on Facebook are more likely to have a negative body image and to display signs of eating disorders.Which aspect of Facebook MOST likely accounts for this association?

A) Facebook is an image-driven platform.
B) Facebook users tend to be covert narcissists.
C) Adolescent users tend to be more honest in their status post updates.
D) Adolescents commonly have a large number of peers who also use the platform.

Answer 11

A) Facebook is an image-driven platform.

Question 12

If a person says,”I must be perfect in every way.I’ll be a better person if I deprive myself of food,” that person is engaging in:

A) distorted thinking.
B) wishful thinking.
C) obsessive thinking.
D) critical thinking.

Answer 12

A) distorted thinking.

Question 13

Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that:

A) although psychological difficulties improve,weight gain is minimal.
B) although weight gain is good,most individuals cannot hold a job.
C) although weight gain is good,women with anorexia fail to regain menstruation.
D) the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining.

Answer 13

D) the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining.

Question 14

Relapses of people with bulimia are MOST likely to occur following:

A) time spent with others who have bulimia.
B) life stresses.
C) periods of stomach sickness.
D) consumption of desserts and other sweets.

Answer 14

B) life stresses.

Question 15

What is a known effect of GLP-1?

A) It increases body metabolism.
B) It helps determine the weight set point.
C) It decreases the absorption of calories.
D) It suppresses appetite.

Answer 15

D) It suppresses appetite.

Question 16

Which problem is common in anorexia nervosa?

A) amenorrhea
B) increased heart rate
C) high blood pressure
D) elevated body temperature

Answer 16

A) amenorrhea

Question 17

The rates of eating disorders among African American women are rising to levels approaching the rates for non-Hispanic white Americans.This is MOST likely due to:

A) increases in the availability of junk food.
B) alexithymia.
C) the increase in the number of men with eating disorders.
D) acculturation.

Answer 17

D) acculturation.

Question 18

Which characteristic is very common in individuals with anorexia nervosa but is significantly less common in those who have bulimia nervosa or binge eating?

A) distortion of body image
B) fear of becoming overweight
C) preoccupation with food
D) loss of menstrual periods

Answer 18

D) loss of menstrual periods

Question 19

Many teenagers go on occasional eating binges.Which statement is TRUE about this behavior?

A) This behavior is perfectly normal.
B) This behavior inevitably leads to bulimia.
C) Most people who engage in this behavior do not have bulimia.
D) This behavior inevitably leads to excessive exercise.

Answer 19

C) Most people who engage in this behavior do not have bulimia.

Question 20

Which statement is accurate?

A) The death rate from anorexia has been increasing recently.
B) Anorexic behavior recurs in about one-third of recovered patients.
C) Most patients who recover from anorexia experience marital dissatisfaction.
D) Few patients who recover from anorexia continue to express concern about appearance.

Answer 20

B) Anorexic behavior recurs in about one-third of recovered patients.

Question 21

The currently accepted view of eating disorders is that the cause is:

A) cognitive.
B) biological.
C) behavioral.
D) multidimensional.

Answer 21

D) multidimensional.

Question 22

Which person is at GREATEST risk for an eating disorder?

A) a college-age woman who is not an athlete
B) a woman who is lower on the socioeconomic scale
C) an African American woman
D) a female gymnast

Answer 22

D) a female gymnast

Question 23

According to weight set point theory,which is a consequence of dieting below one’s weight set point?

A) There is increased hypothalamic activity,producing a revulsion to food.
B) Body changes produce further weight loss.
C) There is an increase in hunger.
D) There is a continuing loss of weight no matter how many calories are consumed.

Answer 23

C) There is an increase in hunger

Question 24

What statement BEST explains why eating disorders are less common in males than in females?

A) Compared with females,males are less concerned with how they are judged by others.
B) Eating disorders are overdiagnosed in females.
C) Males are less susceptible to brain chemistry changes than females are.
D) Males are more likely to achieve weight loss through exercise than through dieting.

Answer 24

D) Males are more likely to achieve weight loss through exercise than through dieting.

Question 25

A teenager has recently developed signs of bulimia nervosa.She has been binge eating alone in her room and vomits immediately afterward to try to control her weight.Why will this not result in sustainable weight loss?

A) Purging increases hunger,which decreases metabolism and triggers more frequent binges.
B) Calorie absorption occurs almost instantaneously,with 80 to 90 percent of calories being absorbed before vomiting occurs.
C) With each incident of self-induced vomiting,it becomes more difficult to trigger the vomiting reflex.
D) Vomiting increases sodium levels,which results in water retention

Answer 25

A) Purging increases hunger,which decreases metabolism and triggers more frequent binges.

Question 26

What is the immediate goal for all the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa?

A) eliminating negative self-perceptions
B) addressing the underlying causes of the bulimic patterns
C) assisting patients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns
D) forcing patients to accept the responsibility for their actions

Answer 26

C) assisting patients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns

Question 27

Which medical breakthrough is MOST likely to appeal to an overweight person?

A) a way to safely block GLP-1 in humans
B) a way to safely activate the lateral hypothalamus in humans
C) a way to safely deactivate the ventromedial hypothalamus in humans
D) a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans

Answer 27

A) a way to safely block GLP-1 in humans

Question 28

Tom is a behavioral therapist for patients with bulimia.He treats one of his patients,David,by exposing him to situations that usually cause binge episodes and then preventing him from binge eating.This technique is called:

A) skillful frustration.
B) temptation-restriction.
C) willpower reinforcement.
D) exposure and response prevention.

Answer 28

D) exposure and response prevention.

Question 29

Calvin is starting cognitive-behavioral treatment to treat his binge-eating disorder.His brother,Li,tells Calvin that he believes gastric bypass surgery would be more helpful and faster than psychotherapy.Why would this approach NOT be recommended?

A) Most people who have binge-eating disorder are not actually obese.
B) Losing weight after engaging in dangerous eating behavior would reinforce those eating habits in the individual.
C) Surgery does not teach the person how to effectively manage overall health and is “cheating.”
D) It does not address the underlying cognitive issues that compel someone to binge eat.

Answer 29

D) It does not address the underlying cognitive issues that compel someone to binge eat.

Question 30

Which person recovering from bulimia is MOST likely to experience a relapse?

A) a person who made progress early on in treatment
B) a person who developed bulimia as an older adult
C) a person who had a short history of bulimia before treatment
D) a person who had a pattern of frequent vomiting during the disorder

Answer 30

D) a person who had a pattern of frequent vomiting during the disorder

Question 31

Bulimia is always characterized by:

A) uncontrollable overeating.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) fasting and frantic exercise.
D) being underweight.

Answer 31

A) uncontrollable overeating.

Question 32

Heather is being treated for anorexia.What might she say that exemplifies her disturbed cognition?

A) I don’t talk about my feelings; I never have.
B) My weight and shape determine my value.
C) I am free to speak my mind and others shouldn’t turn away.
D) Whatever I feel,she has to feel,too.

Answer 32

B) My weight and shape determine my value.

Question 33

A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets,then gradually eliminated other foods until he or she was eating almost nothing,could be experiencing:

A) binge-purge type of anorexia nervosa.
B) sweet-phobia type of anorexia nervosa.
C) restricted-type anorexia nervosa.
D) exercise-induced anorexia nervosa.

Answer 33

C) restricted-type anorexia nervosa.

Question 34

Which characteristic is MOST consistent with anorexia nervosa?

A) a refusal to think about food at all
B) the view that one’s body is too thin
C) overestimating body size
D) a distorted perception of others’ sizes

Answer 34

C) overestimating body size

Question 35

The MOST appropriate diagnosis for a man who is strong and fit but does not see himself that way and so continues to push himself is:

A) muscle dysmorphia.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) reverse Barbie syndrome.

Answer 35

A) muscle dysmorphia.

Question 36

Joey is obsessed with weightlifting.Even though he is extremely muscled,Joey still believes he’s scrawny and starts taking steroids.Joey has:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) reverse anorexia.

Answer 36

D) reverse anorexia.

Question 37

The treatment that has been the MOST popular for restoring weight among persons with anorexia is:

A) drug therapy.
B) intravenous feedings.
C) supportive psychotherapy.
D) supportive nursing care and a high-calorie diet.

Answer 37

D) supportive nursing care and a high-calorie diet.

Question 38

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between gender and eating disorders?

A) Most cases of eating disorders occur in males.
B) Most cases of eating disorders begin in females over the age of 18 years.
C) Most cases of eating disorders occur in females.
D) Most cases of eating disorders occur in females in Asian countries.

Answer 38

C) Most cases of eating disorders occur in females.

Question 39

What is the overall objective of the Body Project?

A) to prevent eating disorders
B) to document societal expectations of weight throughout history
C) to raise funding for additional research related to weight management in teens
D) to provide peer support to those individuals with an eating disorder

Answer 39

A) to prevent eating disorders

Question 40

Which statement is TRUE regarding binge-eating disorder?

A) Binge-eating disorder is associated with being overweight or obese.
B) People with binge-eating disorder typically eat only high-calorie foods.
C) Binge-eating disorder is the primary cause of obesity in the United States.
D) People with binge-eating disorder eat only when hungry,but then overeat.

Answer 40

A) Binge-eating disorder is associated with being overweight or obese.

Question 41

In an enmeshed family,the push for independence at adolescence threatens the apparent family harmony.As a result,the family may subtly force the child to take on a “sick” role.Why is this done?

A) to make the child less affected by societal pressures
B) to increase bonding among all family members
C) to ensure the child maintains dependence on the family
D) to punish the child for abandoning family responsibilities

Answer 41

C) to ensure the child maintains dependence on the family

Question 42

Which statement BEST describes the effects of compensatory behaviors that people with bulimia use in controlling their weight?

A) Vomiting immediately after eating prevents the absorption of 90 percent of calories consumed.
B) Engaging in repeated vomiting leads to more frequent and intense binges due to the inability to feel sated.
C) Using laxatives immediately after eating prevents absorption of 60 percent of calories consumed but causes increased fluid intake.
D) Using diuretics regularly leads to long-term inability to absorb calories,even months after the person stops using them.

Answer 42

B) Engaging in repeated vomiting leads to more frequent and intense binges due to the inability to feel sated.

Question 43

Shana has been very stressed at work and at school.When she gets home,she eats muffins,cake,ice cream,and almost anything else in the house that is sweet.In the midst of eating,she takes a huge dose of a laxative to “empty out” the food she is eating.Her taking the laxative,and the assumption underlying why she does it,would lead to a diagnosis of:

A) binge-eating disorder.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) an eating disorder not otherwise specified.

Answer 43

B) bulimia nervosa.

Question 44

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives,and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia,is experiencing:

A) binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa.
B) food-phobia anorexia nervosa.
C) restricted-type anorexia nervosa.
D) variable-limited anorexia nervosa.

Answer 44

A) binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa.

Question 45

If one found that the average weight and size of cheerleaders had declined significantly over the years,and that those who aspired to be cheerleaders had a high level of eating disorders,that would be evidence for a _____ cause of eating disorders.

A) societal
B) family
C) psychological
D) biological

Answer 45

A) societal

Question 46

Why do the textbook authors describe dieters who have fallen to a weight below their set point as being engaged in a “battle against themselves”?

A) Their hypothalamus has been damaged.
B) They have an emotional conflict between their desire to diet and their desire to eat.
C) Their brains are working against them to get them back to their “set point.”
D) What they want for themselves and what society tells them is attractive are two different things.

Answer 46

C) Their brains are working against them to get them back to their “set point.”

Question 47

Depression and eating disorders are correlated.What does this statement mean?

A) Depression causes people to more likely have eating disorders.
B) Eating disorders cause people to more likely be depressed.
C) Poor parenting causes both eating disorders and depression.
D) People with eating disorders also tend to experience depression.

Answer 47

D) People with eating disorders also tend to experience depression.

Question 48

What is the significance of the 1940s study by Keys et al.in which healthy individuals placed on a semistarvation diet developed a preoccupation with food?

A) This study supports the idea that a preoccupation with food is a result of starvation.
B) This study demonstrates that a preoccupation with food is a natural event and not of medical concern.
C) This study shows that healthy individuals are likely to develop anorexia nervosa when placed on a semistarvation diet.
D) This study suggests that a preoccupation with food is a distinguishing characteristic between those with anorexia nervosa and those without it.

Answer 48

A) This study supports the idea that a preoccupation with food is a result of starvation.

Question 49

A person who eats large amounts of food in a short period and does this repeatedly,with no other symptoms,would be said to have:

A) a binge-eating disorder.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) no eating disorder.

Answer 49

A) a binge-eating disorder.

Question 50

Compared with people with anorexia nervosa,MOST people with bulimia:

A) are younger.
B) have less education.
C) are of a more normal weight.
D) have obsessive thoughts about food.

Answer 50

C) are of a more normal weight.

Question 51

What appears to be the key factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge?

A) oral stimulation through crunchiness
B) high protein through meat
C) rapidity through soft texture
D) taste of the food

Answer 51

C) rapidity through soft texture

Question 52

Participants who have just completed a very-low-calorie weight-loss program would be MOST at risk for:

A) bingeing.
B) anorexia.
C) substance abuse.
D) family problems.

Answer 52

A) bingeing.

Question 53

The psychological disorder that anorexia nervosa MOST resembles is:

A) a simple phobia.
B) narcissistic personality disorder.
C) borderline personality disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 53

D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 54

Which description BEST represents someone with bulimia nervosa?

A) A woman concerned about putting on a few extra pounds decides to replace her usual junk food snacks with fruit and begins a new high-intensity exercise program.
B) A woman carefully monitors everything she eats.She always skips breakfast and restricts meals to less than 200 calories.She avoids social situations at which food is likely to be served.
C) A woman regularly tells herself that she is going to eat a small healthy meal but then commonly finds herself eating an entire pizza,a carton of ice cream,and a box of doughnuts at one sitting.She immediately feels shame and guilt and then forces herself to throw it all up.
D) During periods of peak stress,a woman repeatedly finds herself devouring any sweets she can find: brownies,donuts,ice cream,and so on.She consumes thousands of calories in one sitting and immediately experiences guilt.

Answer 54

C) A woman regularly tells herself that she is going to eat a small healthy meal but then commonly finds herself eating an entire pizza,a carton of ice cream,and a box of doughnuts at one sitting.She immediately feels shame and guilt and then forces herself to throw it all up.

Question 55

All treatments for anorexia nervosa share the long-term common goal of:

A) producing weight gain in the patient.
B) addressing the underlying causes of the disorders.
C) moving the patient out of the situation that caused the problem.
D) forcing the patient to accept responsibility for his or her actions.

Answer 55

B) addressing the underlying causes of the disorders.

Question 56

Which example would you expect to negatively influence an adolescent girl’s body image?

A) Snapchat filters that give people cartoon features
B) the overabundance of selfies posted to social media sites
C) the large number of fake quotations regarding weight loss that are shared online
D) the photo manipulation of images that make women look thinner than they are in real life

Answer 56

D) the photo manipulation of images that make women look thinner than they are in real life

Question 57

Statistically speaking,which eating disorder is a male most likely to develop?

A) restricted-type anorexia nervosa
B) binge-eating disorder
C) purging-type anorexia nervosa
D) bulimia nervosa

Answer 57

B) binge-eating disorder

Question 58

The major disadvantage of using forced tube-feeding for patients with eating disorders who refuse to eat is that the patients may:

A) become distrustful of the medical establishment and uncooperative with further treatment.
B) actually lose more weight than if they were not force-fed.
C) gain weight too quickly.
D) be diagnosed with bulimia.

Answer 58

A) become distrustful of the medical establishment and uncooperative with further treatment.

Question 59

For which individual is recovery from anorexia MOST likely?

A) someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult
B) someone who has lost a relatively large percentage of body weight
C) someone who also has sex problems
D) someone who enters therapy late in his or her disorder

Answer 59

A) someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult

Question 60

If researchers find that many people with eating disorders also have symptoms of depression,they know that:

A) eating disorders cause depression.
B) depression causes eating disorders.
C) something else causes both eating disorders and depression.
D) eating disorders and depression are somehow related.

Answer 60

D) eating disorders and depression are somehow related.

Question 61

After eating three burgers,a large order of fries,and two vanilla milkshakes,Winfrey goes to the gym to “work it off.” She runs for 90 minutes on the treadmill,spends an hour cycling,and gets on the rowing machine for another hour.After her workout,she refuses to eat anything for 48 hours.She repeats this pattern a few days later.Based on this information,which diagnosis would be MOST fitting?

A) binge-eating disorder
B) bulimia nervosa
C) anorexia nervosa
D) eating disorder not otherwise specified

Answer 61

B) bulimia nervosa

Question 62

Which person is MOST likely to have bulimia based on the descriptions provided?

A) someone who has lost 40 pounds in 4 months by eliminating sweets from his or her diet
B) someone who exercises compulsively and who meticulously plans and tracks every meal
C) someone who often “loses control” while eating and tends to eat even when not hungry
D) someone who repeatedly gorges on food and as a result spends an excessive amount of time working out

Answer 62

D) someone who repeatedly gorges on food and as a result spends an excessive amount of time working out

Question 63

Treatments used to treat binge-eating disorder are typically:

A) similar to those used to treat bulimia nervosa.
B) the same as those used to treat bulimia nervosa.
C) similar to those used to treat anorexia nervosa.
D) the same as those used to treat anorexia nervosa.

Answer 63

A) similar to those used to treat bulimia nervosa.

Question 64

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population suffers from anorexia nervosa?

a. 0.1% to 1%
b. 0.6% to 4%
c. 2% to 6%
d. 5% to 10%
e. 10% to 20%

Answer 64

b. 0.6% to 4%

Question 65

Although anorexia and bulimia are often viewed as afflicting only women, they can be found among men, too. Research suggests that about ____ of all cases of these two disorders occur in men.

a. 1% to 2%
b. 5% to 10%
c. 10% to 25%
d. 15% to 30%

Answer 65

c. 10% to 25%

Question 66

Priyanka is highly restrictive of her calorie intake and exercises vigorously each day. Despite having a severely low body weight, Priyanka believes she is overweight and needs to continue losing weight. Priyanka MOST likely is suffering from:

a. anorexia nervosa.
b. bulimia.
c. binge-eating disorder.
d. none of these.

Answer 66

a. anorexia nervosa.

Question 67

Which statement is accurate, regarding the long-term course of eating disorders?

a. Bulimia nervosa tends to be more resistant to treatment than anorexia nervosa.
b. Most individuals with anorexia nervosa make a full recovery within five years of treatment.
c. Many individuals fluctuate for years between periods of healthy eating and periods of disordered eating.
d. Approximately 20 percent of individuals with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa eventually die from their eating disorder.

Answer 67

c. Many individuals fluctuate for years between periods of healthy eating and periods of disordered eating.

Question 68

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of bulimia nervosa but is NOT characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

a. distorted body perception
b. disturbed eating attitudes
c. feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, and perfectionism
d. concern about pleasing others

Answer 68

d. concern about pleasing others

Question 69

What is unique about binge-eating disorder as compared to other eating disorders?

a. Those with binge-eating disorder are commonly of normal body weight.
b. The gender differences in its prevalence are much smaller.
c. It develops earlier in life than other eating disorders.
d. Unlike other eating disorders, those with binge-eating disorder often struggle with feelings of anxiety and depression.

Answer 69

b. The gender differences in its prevalence are much smaller.

Question 70

Which of these is NOT true about anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?

a. Most of those who suffer are female.
b. The age of onset is typically over the age of 20.
c. Prevalence rates of these disorders are under 10% of the population.
d. They can cause and/or result from significant distress.

Answer 70

b. The age of onset is typically over the age of 20.

Question 71

Relatives of people with eating disorders are up to _______ times more likely to develop one of these disorders themselves.

a. 1.5
b. 3
c. 6
d. 10

Answer 71

c. 6

Question 72

Most days Andre hardly eats anything at all, but on occasion he will consume a large quantity of food in a short period of time, for instance, eating two large pizzas in less than an hour. He isn’t overweight, but you are concerned that he might have an eating disorder. Based on the information given, what type of eating disorder might Andre have?

a. binge-eating disorder
b. anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging-type
c. bulimia nervosa

Answer 72

a. binge-eating disorder

Question 73

Treatment is shown to provide immediate, significant improvement in about ________ of eating disorder cases.

a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 75%

Answer 73

c. 40%

Question 74

Cognitive-behavioral interventions for bulimia often involve:

a. keeping food diaries to identify what triggers their eating behavior.
b. flooding techniques in which individuals are asked to eat large quantities of food and are prevented from purging.
c. family therapy sessions focused on teaching the individual to be more independent and self-reliant.
d. All of the above are interventions used.

Answer 74

a. keeping food diaries to identify what triggers their eating behavior.