CHAPTER 2: Models of Abnormality MCQ Flashcards
1
Q
Who decides the general criteria for defining abnormality?
a, Medical doctors
b. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
c. Society
A
c. Society
2
Q
Cara is a successful social media personality. She is the author of several best-selling books and recently gave a TED talk on building a personal brand. She also adheres to a strict diet wherein all of her food must be the same color. Cara is most likely:
a. Suffering from abnormality
b. Eccentric
A
b. Eccentric
3
Q
Trephining, a process of cutting holes in the skull, is believed to have been used as a psychological treatment in order to:
a. restore balance among the 4 vital humors
b. Undo possession by the devil
c. Cure a seizure disorder
d. Release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head
e. Sever the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain
A
d. Release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head
4
Q
The Greeks’ view of abnormal behavior provided the basis of today’s:
a. psychodynamic perspective
b. medical model
c. psychological model
d. DSM-5
A
b. medical model
5
Q
One consequence of deinstitutionalization is that in the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient
a. in a mental hospital
b. on the street or in jail
c. receiving drug counseling in a shelter
d. in private therapy paid for by the state
A
b. on the street or in jail
6
Q
Which of the following designs is LEAST likely to have high external validity?
a. a case study
b. an experiment
A
a. a case study
7
Q
Dr. Diaz wants to study whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms relative to no therapy. What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this scenario?
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy
b. anxiety symptoms
A
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy
8
Q
Which design examines the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a given population?
a. natural experiment
b. longitudinal study
c. epidemiological study
d. quasi-experimental design
A
c. epidemiological study
9
Q
What technique is used for reducing the effects of preexisting differences?
a. masked design
b. placebo therapy
c. random assignment
A
c. random assignment
10
Q
Madeline believes that mental illnesses are diseases that can be cured with pharmacological treatments. This theory is called the:
a. diathesis-stress model
b. diagnostic model
c. biological model
d. biopsychosocial model
e. psychodynamic model
A
c. biological model
11
Q
One who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that:
a. genome mapping is a waste of time
b. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities
c. at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive
d. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different
A
c. at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive
12
Q
Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?
a. low activity of GABA
b. absence of dopamine
c. low activity of serotonin
d. excessive activity of norepinephrine
A
c. low activity of serotonin
13
Q
According to Freud, psychological disorders stem from conflicts between the:
a. id, ego, and superego
b. conscious and unconscious
c. sexual drives and libidinal drives
d. eros and thanatos
A
a. id, ego, and superego
14
Q
Adam yells at his roommate about being overly messy; Adam, however, is even messier. Adam is MOST likely exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?
a. Displacement
b. Rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial
A
c. Projection
15
Q
During therapy, a patient is asked to describe any thought, image, or feeling that comes to mind. What technique is the therapist using?
a. working through
b. free association
c. catharsis
d. transference
A
b. free association
16
Q
When a young child yells and throws toys (“temper tantrum”), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict
b. operant conditioning
c. unconditional positive regard
d. neurotransmitter imbalances
A
b. operant conditioning
17
Q
Carl Rogers believed that in client-centered therapy the therapist should:
a. provide a corrective emotional experience
b. give homework for the client to complete
c. express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard
d. implement rational-emotive therapy
A
c. express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard
18
Q
Which model has the strongest research support?
a. Family-social
b. Multicultural
c. Humanistic
d. Cognitive-behavioral
e. All of these have equally strong research support
A
d. Cognitive-behavioral
19
Q
________ measures accuracy whereas ________ measures consistency.
a. Validity; reliability
b. Reliability; validity
A
a. Validity; reliability
20
Q
Which test is a personality inventory?
a. Mental status test
b. MMPI-2
c. Rorschach
d. Thematic Apperception Test
A
b. MMPI-2
21
Q
The trail-making test is an example of what sort of assessment instrument?
a. Intelligence test
b. Response inventory
c. Personality test
d. Projective test
e. Neuropsychological test
A
e. Neuropsychological test
22
Q
Which statement is TRUE regarding the reliability of DSM-5?
a. Research studies have consistently shown very high reliability across all diagnoses
b. Reliability is highest for newer diagnoses that were not included in DSM-I
c. Reliability is highest for diagnoses that have been included since DSM-I
d. Some research studies have reported better reliability with DSM-5 over earlier versions, but other studies have not
A
d. Some research studies have reported better reliability with DSM-5 over earlier versions, but other studies have not
23
Q
Studies show that errors in diagnosis MOST commonly involve information gathered:
a. early in the assessment process and in a hospital setting
b. late in the assessment process and in a private office setting
c. late in the assessment process and in a hospital setting
d. early in the assessment process and in a private office setting
A
a. early in the assessment process and in a hospital setting
24
Q
The results of Rosenhan’s classic study illustrate that
a. It is difficult to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital
b. Placing labels on individuals powerfully influences the way mental health workers perceive and interpret their actions
c. Self-stigma causes a reduction in symptoms
d. Determining who is psychologically disordered is always a clear-cut, accurate process
A
b. Placing labels on individuals powerfully influences the way mental health workers perceive and interpret their actions
25
What is an example of a behavior that is dangerous but not psychologically abnormal?
skydiving
26
In preparation for an efficacy study of a new antipsychotic drug, a research assistant puts all drugs into pill capsules of the same color and codes them. The assistant will have no part in administering the drug. Neither the subjects nor the experimenter will know who receives which drug. This is an example of a:
a. masked design.
b. double-masked design.
c. triple-masked design.
d. quasi-experimental design.
b. double-masked design.
27
Seligman's study, in which he created learned helplessness in dogs, is an example of a(n) _____ study.
a. Analogue
b. Case
c. Epidemiological
d. Single-subject
a. Analogue
28
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:
a. Behavioral
b. Nomothetic
c. Idiographic
d. psychodynamic
c. Idiographic
29
Challenges faced by clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) measuring abnormal concepts such as mood change is difficult.
B) there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research.
C) rights of research participants must be carefully guarded.
D) there are many variables to consider, such as gender, race, and culture
B) there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research.
30
```
General principles that explain the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior
are called:
A) theoretical.
B) nomothetic.
C) idiographic.
D) correlational.
```
B) nomothetic.
31
A study of a single person that is used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal
behavior in that person is consistent with the ______ approach.
A) theoretical
B) nomothetic
C) idiographic
D) correlational
C) idiographic
32
Clinical researchers are usually concerned with a(n) ______ understanding of abnormality, while
practitioners focus on a(n) ______ understanding.
A) nomothetic, idiographic
B) nomothetic, nomothetic
C) idiographic, idiographic
D) idiographic, nomothetic
A) nomothetic, idiographic
33
As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human
behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical
researchers is:
A) idiosyncratic.
B) nomosynthetic.
C) idiographic.
D) nomothetic.
D) nomothetic.
34
The clinical practitioner would be MORE likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which
method of investigation?
A) case study with a single participant
B) experimental method with many participants
C) correlational method with one participant
D) cross-cultural method with many participants
A) case study with a single participant
35
Which of the following is the BEST example of the idiographic approach?
A) a detailed study of one case
B) a study of the most effective treatment for phobias
C) a study of the relative frequency of horse and rat phobias among adults
D) a review of all of a clinician's phobic patient cases
A) a detailed study of one case
36
```
A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is:
A) nomothetic.
B) idiographic.
C) experimental.
D) correlational.
```
B) idiographic.
37
```
If you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology, you would
be seeking:
A) an idiographic understanding.
B) to advance conventional wisdom.
C) a nomothetic understanding.
D) to change current graduate training.
```
C) a nomothetic understanding.
38
```
Which of the following is NOT considered a research method?
A) the case study
B) a correlation
C) an experiment
D) a treatment plan for an individual
```
D) a treatment plan for an individual
39
```
Experiments are consistent with the ______ approach.
A) theoretical
B) nomothetic
C) idiographic
D) correlational
```
B) nomothetic
40
```
The idea that children from single-parent families do show more depression than those from two-
parent families is a(n):
A) variable.
B) experiment.
C) correlation.
D) hypothesis.
```
D) hypothesis.
41
A friend says to you, "I just think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other
day." Although your friend's statement is not very scientific, it is a(n):
A) research finding.
B) hypothesis.
C) example of a case study.
D) research conclusion
B) hypothesis.
42
```
Freud's study of Little Hans is an example of:
A) a case study.
B) an experiment.
C) a phantasy.
D) a correlational study.
```
A) a case study.
43
A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of
associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so his behavior is better understood.
This study is a(n):
A) hypothesis.
B) case study.
C) experimental study.
D) correlation.
B) case study.
44
Which of the following is an example of a case study?
A) a study involving use of a control group
B) a long-term study of a clinical client
C) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community
D) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats
B) a long-term study of a clinical client
45
The controversy regarding research with animals centers on:
A) the rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems.
B) the financial cost of using animals versus the cost of research with humans.
C) the fact that animal research really doesn't contribute to human well-being.
D) the lack of standards for doing research with animals.
A) the rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems.
46
```
Case studies are useful for:
A) forming general laws of behavior.
B) studying unusual problems.
C) conducting scientific experiments.
D) eliminating observer bias.
```
B) studying unusual problems.
47
Of the following examples of case studies, the one MOST likely to be helpful in the study of
abnormality would be a case study including a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy
used to treat a(n):
A) common disorder.
B) depression.
C) substance abuse.
D) uncommon disorder.
D) uncommon disorder.
48
Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
A) studying unusual problems.
B) learning a great deal about a particular patient.
C) suggesting new areas for further study.
D) determining general laws of behavior.
D) determining general laws of behavior.
49
Which of the following is a limitation of the case study?
A) It does not result in high external validity.
B) It does not lead to an individualized approach.
C) It does not enable the therapist to understand the whole patient.
D) It does not allow the therapist to propose a course of treatment for a patient.
A) It does not result in high external validity.
50
Internal validity reflects how well a study:
A) rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.
B) can be generalized to others that are not studied directly.
C) appears to be measuring what it is designed to measure.
D) predicts some future behavior.
A) rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.
51
```
If a particular study of alcoholism failed to control for cultural patterns in drinking among
participants, the study would have low:
A) external validity.
B) internal validity.
C) face validity.
D) natural validity.
```
B) internal validity.
52
```
The ability to generalize results from a study of certain individuals to other individuals not studied
is called:
A) construct validity.
B) context validity.
C) internal validity.
D) external validity.
```
D) external validity.
53
External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study:
A) rule out alternative explanations.
B) are the result of a single variable.
C) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied.
D) support the theory being tested.
C) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied.
54
A psychologist studies memory techniques in adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate
memory, then applies the results to a new class of students in a psychology course. This
demonstrates faith in:
A) the internal validity of the study.
B) the external validity of the study.
C) the content validity of the technique.
D) the conceptual validity of memory.
B) the external validity of the study.
55
```
One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to
human beings. This is a question of:
A) face validity.
B) internal validity.
C) external validity.
D) content validity.
```
C) external validity.
56
```
If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then
the study has:
A) external observer bias.
B) internal observer bias.
C) external validity.
D) internal validity.
```
C) external validity.
57
Correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies for all of the following
reasons EXCEPT:
A) they offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting.
B) they typically observe many individuals.
C) they are more easily replicable.
D) they use statistical tests to analyze results.
A) they offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting.
58
In correlational research, external validity is established when:
A) all participants behave similarly.
B) the correlation is positive.
C) the sample is representative of the larger population.
D) the correlation is smaller than 1.
C) the sample is representative of the larger population.
59
The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is:
A) there are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile.
B) Facebook users don't always know they are being studied.
C) research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted.
D) it is unethical to observe public behavior.
B) Facebook users don't always know they are being studied.
60
A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without informing
the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which of the following is the
MOST relevant question?
A) Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior?"
B) Are Facebook users a random sample of whatever population is being studied?
C) Will Facebook users be able to sue if they think their rights are being violated?
D) Will the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks to Facebook users?
A) Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior?"
61
In a graph of a correlational study, the line of best fit:
A) inevitably runs from the lower left to the upper right.
B) is as close as possible to all points in the graph.
C) allows one to determine causality.
D) has no meaning unless it is positive.
B) is as close as possible to all points in the graph.
62
A researcher finds individuals who report large numbers of "hassles" in their lives usually also
report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer "hassles" generally report lower levels of
stress. The correlation between number of "hassles" and stress level is:
A) positive.
B) negative.
C) curvilinear.
D) nonexistent.
A) positive.
63
```
"The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat." If it is true, this statement expresses:
A) no correlation at all.
B) a causal relationship.
C) a positive correlation.
D) a negative correlation.
```
C) a positive correlation.
64
If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in
the last month and people's perceptions of stress, you would probably find a(n):
A) vertical line.
B) horizontal line.
C) upward-sloping line (to the right).
D) downward-sloping line (to the right).
C) upward-sloping line (to the right).
65
Correlation coefficients indicate:
A) the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables.
B) the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
C) the internal and external validity between variables.
D) the significance and variability between variables.
A) the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables.
66
If the correlation between severity of depression and age is -05, it means that:
A) older people have more severe depression.
B) older people have less severe depression.
C) younger people have almost no depression.
D) there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.
D) there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.
67
Which of the following is true of the correlation coefficient?
A) It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between two
variables.
B) It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship
between two variables.
C) It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship
between two variables.
D) It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between two
variables and the total variability of those measurements.
B) It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship
between two variables.
68
A friend says to you, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. What rule can you give me to
help me remember what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two
variables?" Which of the following would you give to help your friend?
A) a correlation coefficient that is statistically significant
B) a correlation coefficient close to minus one (-1)
C) a correlation coefficient close to zero (0)
D) a correlation coefficient that doesn't prove a causal relationship between the variables
C) a correlation coefficient close to zero (0)
69
Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate
predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is:
A) close to zero.
B) +.45.
C) -.53.
D) -.88.
D) -.88.
70
A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self-
reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness. From this study, we know that:
A) stress causes illness.
B) illness causes stress.
C) some other variable causes both increases in stress levels and illness.
D) we can make a fairly accurate prediction of days missed for illness if we know a person's
stress level.
D) we can make a fairly accurate prediction of days missed for illness if we know a person's
stress level.
71
```
The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it:
A) allows us to determine causation.
B) is more individualized.
C) has better external validity.
D) requires fewer participants.
```
C) has better external validity.
72
```
All of the following are merits of the correlational method EXCEPT:
A) it can be replicated.
B) it can be analyzed statistically.
C) its results can be generalized.
D) it provides individual information.
```
D) it provides individual information.
73
If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, we know that:
A) stress causes people to have poor health.
B) as stress increases, health decreases.
C) poor health causes people to experience stress.
D) mental illness causes both stress and poor health.
B) as stress increases, health decreases.
74
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of
depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:
A) life stress causes symptoms of depression.
B) symptoms of depression cause life stress.
C) something else causes stress and depression.
D) life stress and depression are related.
D) life stress and depression are related.
75
The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that:
A) both have external validity.
B) both have internal validity.
C) both have external validity and internal validity.
D) neither has external validity or internal validity.
A) both have external validity.
76
```
Unlike the correlational method and the experimental method, the case study provides:
A) good replicability.
B) external validity.
C) individual information.
D) internal validity.
```
C) individual information.
77
Which of the following results MOST likely are from an epidemiological study?
A) The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.
B) Autism is caused by influenza vaccinations.
C) Child abuse is often found in the backgrounds of those with multiple personalities.
D) Alcoholism runs in families.
A) The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.
78
```
The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a
group in a given time period is termed:
A) longitudinal (incidence).
B) longitudinal (prevalence).
C) epidemiological (incidence).
D) epidemiological (prevalence).
```
C) epidemiological (incidence).
79
```
Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are
called:
A) longitudinal studies.
B) experimental studies.
C) developmental studies.
D) epidemiological studies.
```
D) epidemiological studies.
80
```
The number of new cases of a disorder in a population that emerge in a particular time interval is
called the:
A) incidence.
B) prevalence.
C) correlation.
D) epidemiology.
```
A) incidence.
81
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This
observation refers to the ______ of schizophrenia in this small population.
A) risk
B) incidence
C) prevalence
D) epidemiology
B) incidence
82
```
The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the:
A) risk.
B) incidence.
C) prevalence.
D) rate of occurrence.
```
C) prevalence.
83
```
The prevalence rate for a disorder will _______ the incidence rate.
A) always be the same as
B) always be higher than
C) always be the same or higher than
D) always be lower than
```
C) always be the same or higher than
84
Describing the number of cases of mental retardation in the children of older mothers in 2005
would be a legitimate goal for a(n) ______ study.
A) case
B) experimental
C) epidemiological
D) longitudinal
C) epidemiological
85
```
The finding that women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men in the United States
is MOST likely due to ______ research.
A) case study
B) longitudinal
C) analogue
D) epidemiological
```
D) epidemiological
86
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are
more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that
A) children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
B) children of people with schizophrenia inherit a "criminal" gene.
C) criminal children cause their parents to become schizophrenic.
D) people with schizophrenia teach their children to become criminals.
A) children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
87
```
If researchers studied Vietnam veterans for 30 years after the veterans' return from Vietnam, the
study would be:
A) epidemiological.
B) longitudinal.
C) incidental.
D) experimental.
```
B) longitudinal.
88
If an epidemiological study shows that eating disorders are more common in Western countries
than in Eastern ones, we can appropriately conclude:
A) that there are special pressures in Western countries that contribute to eating disorders.
B) that Eastern countries have a less stressful approach to life.
C) that adolescence is a more troubling time for Western than Eastern children.
D) nothing about the cause of such a finding.
D) nothing about the cause of such a finding.
89
```
In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called
the:
A) confounding variable.
B) alternative variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) independent variable.
```
D) independent variable.
90
Which of the following is an aspect of the experimental approach?
A) the use of confounding variables
B) observation of people over a period of time
C) a detailed interpretive description of a subject
D) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
D) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
91
```
The statement or prediction that we make about a potential causal relationship in a proposed study
is called the:
A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) conclusion.
D) explanation.
```
B) hypothesis.
92
The following experiment is conducted to study the causes of aggression in children. Half the
children eat a sugared cereal; the remaining half eat cornflakes. The number of aggressive acts
displayed by the children in a one-hour play period after breakfast is then recorded. In this
experiment:
A) sugared cereal is the dependent variable and cornflakes is the independent variable.
B) breakfast is the independent variable, and the group of children is the dependent variable.
C) the type of cereal is the dependent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the
independent variable.
D) the type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the
dependent variable.
D) the type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the
dependent variable.
93
A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The
psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other
half normally, then administered the MMPI-2 to all the participants. What was the independent
variable?
A) level of food deprivation
B) the MMPI-2
C) the results on the MMPI-2
D) There is no independent variable because this is a correlational study.
A) level of food deprivation
94
Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The
other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of their
memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?
A) the study time
B) the memory test
C) the reading passage
D) the results of the memory test
D) the results of the memory test
95
A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a
sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the
headache disappears. In the other two groups the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively.
Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study:
A) demonstrates a double-blind design.
B) is an experimental study.
C) contains an important confound.
D) has three dependent variables.
B) is an experimental study.
96
In a study designed to test a new antidepressant, a large group of outpatient psychiatric patients
was randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The
other group was given identical-looking inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning.
The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently, using
the Beck Depression Inventory. Which of the following was the independent variable in this
study?
A) the drug
B) the level of agitation
C) the Beck Depression Inventory
D) the assignment of the participants to groups
A) the drug
97
Students are given a sensation-seeking test and then divided into two groups depending on their
scores. A researcher observes how many times students in each group get out of their seats in 2
hours. The dependent variable is:
A) number of times getting out of one's seat.
B) scores on the sensation-seeking test.
C) the group of students.
D) There is no dependent variable.
A) number of times getting out of one's seat.
98
```
A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect on another
variable is observed is called a(n):
A) case study.
B) correlation.
C) experiment.
D) independent variable.
```
C) experiment.
99
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these
factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables.
A) irrelevant
B) confounding
C) blind
D) controlled
B) confounding
100
If a research study on a group of children with autism comparing treatment delivered by parents at
home to treatment delivered by teachers at school finds that the treatment delivered at school is
more effective, which of the following is the BEST example of a confounding variable?
A) the treatment
B) the children
C) the diagnosis
D) differences between the parents and teachers
D) differences between the parents and teachers
101
One group of patients is treated with medication in a hospital. Another group is treated with the
same medication on an outpatient basis. The diagnoses of the two groups of patients are equally
serious. The BEST example of a confound in this study is the:
A) characteristics of the hospital.
B) type of medication given.
C) seriousness of the diagnoses.
D) level of improvement.
A) characteristics of the hospital.
102
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group
received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. All
participants were evaluated for level of agitation by a panel of psychiatrists who didn't know
which pill they received. What could be a potential confound in this study?
A) having some seriously ill and some moderately ill patients in both groups
B) having all patients come from the same clinic
C) having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients
D) not previously testing the drug on primates
C) having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients
103
```
The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in
an experiment) is called the:
A) control group.
B) confound group.
C) dependent group.
D) experimental group.
```
A) control group.
104
A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants are randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A receive the drug whenever they report depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B receive nothing when they report depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A report significantly fewer symptoms of depression.
81. In the accompanying study, Group A is the:
A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) correlational group.
D) cross-sectional group.
A) experimental group.
105
A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants are randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A receive the drug whenever they report depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B receive nothing when they report depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A report significantly fewer symptoms of depression. [Paragraph: Research] A serious flaw of the accompanying study is that it:
A) involves placebo therapy.
B) is really a case study.
C) is not a natural experiment.
D) is not a double-blind design.
D) is not a double-blind design.
106
A recent study of informed consent forms showed that:
A) most research participants don't receive them.
B) most research participants are insulted by them.
C) many research participants don't understand them.
D) research participants generally already know their rights.
C) many research participants don't understand them.
107
For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full
knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. This principle is called:
A) risk disclosure.
B) benefit analysis.
C) informed consent.
D) privacy.
C) informed consent.
108
The principle of informed consent assumes that:
A) there is compensation.
B) the benefits outweigh the risks.
C) the participant can understand the explanation.
D) there are no risks in the study under consideration.
C) the participant can understand the explanation.
109
Imagine that there is a statistically significant result found in a well-designed experimental
research project without any confounding variables. The MOST appropriate conclusion would be
that:
A) the probability that the results were due to chance is more than 5 percent.
B) differences in the dependent variable are likely due to the independent variable.
C) causation by the independent variable cannot be assumed.
D) the sample size was too small.
B) differences in the dependent variable are likely due to the independent variable.
110
As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range
of scores within a group is small, then the results are likely to be:
A) socially meaningful.
B) statistically significant.
C) due to chance.
D) from a triple-blind study.
B) statistically significant.
111
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group
received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. All
participants were evaluated for level of agitation by a panel of psychiatrists who didn't know
which pill they received. What is the control group?
A) the new drug
B) the level of agitation
C) the ones who got the placebo
D) the psychiatric evaluation
C) the ones who got the placebo
112
A person with an anxiety disorder receives treatment. Because of the treatment, the person's
anxiety level is lower, but he still finds it almost impossible to live a normal life. For this person,
the improvement in the anxiety disorder is:
A) clinically significant.
B) statistically significant.
C) both clinically significant and statistically significant.
D) neither clinically significant nor statistically significant.
B) statistically significant.
113
Of the following choices, the BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class
would be to:
A) choose the first 10 to enter the classroom.
B) choose the last 10 to leave the classroom.
C) write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close your eyes, and
pick 10 papers.
D) ask students what their ethnicity, grade point average, and academic major are, then be sure
your sample reflects all of these student characteristics.
C) write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close your eyes, and
pick 10 papers.
114
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting
differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental
manipulation.
A) a control group
B) random selection
C) random assignment
D) an experimental group
C) random assignment
115
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
116
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group
received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. All
participants were evaluated for level of agitation by a panel of psychiatrists who didn't know which pill they received. In this study, how could experimenter bias be reduced?
A) by having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation
B) by having researchers who don't know who got which pill
C) by adding another placebo condition
D) by adding a therapy group
B) by having researchers who don't know who got which pill
117
Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his
answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of:
A) subject bias.
B) a placebo effect.
C) random variation.
D) experimenter bias.
A) subject bias.
118
```
A "fake" pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:
A) placebo.
B) confound.
C) random variable.
D) dependent variable
```
A) placebo.
119
```
A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):
A) experiment.
B) random-assignment design.
C) matched control group design.
D) blind design.
```
D) blind design.
120
A researcher trying to eliminate the Rosenthal effect would be sure to:
A) use a blind design.
B) use a quasi-experimental design.
C) randomly assign participants to two groups.
D) randomly assign participants to three or more groups.
A) use a blind design.
121
The Rosenthal effect:
A) is identical to the "placebo effect."
B) should be avoided by using a blind design.
C) is found primarily in natural experiments.
D) All the answers are correct.
B) should be avoided by using a blind design.
122
In preparation for a study of the effectiveness of an antischizophrenia drug, an assistant puts all
drugs into capsules of the same color and codes them. The assistant will have no part in administering the drug. Neither the subjects nor the experimenter will know who gets which drug.
This is an example of a:
A) single-blind design.
B) double-blind design.
C) triple-blind design.
D) quasi-experimental design.
B) double-blind design.
123
The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:
A) participant and experimenter expectancies.
B) imitation therapies.
C) subject bias.
D) the Rosenthal effect.
A) participant and experimenter expectancies.
124
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none
exists. Which design would prevent this problem?
A) longitudinal
B) double-blind
C) epidemiological
D) experimental
B) double-blind
125
In an experiment on the effects of two new drugs on mood, neither patients, researchers, nor those
who are evaluating the mood of patients know which drug the patients are getting. The study is
______-blind.
A) single
B) double
C) triple
D) quadruple
C) triple
126
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments except that they use groups that
already exist instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?
A) quasi-experiments
B) natural experiments
C) correlational experiments
D) developmental experiments
A) quasi-experiments
127
Which of the following distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a true experiment?
A) The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.
B) The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.
C) The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.
D) The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.
D) The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.
128
To study some gender differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men and 10 women and
treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of psychological
function. This study is an example of a(n):
A) experiment.
B) analogue study.
C) correlational study.
D) quasi-experimental study.
D) quasi-experimental study.
129
Which of the following would MOST appropriately be studied using a quasi-experimental design?
A) the effects of running and weight lifting on mood
B) the effects of schizophrenic parents on children's adjustment
C) the effects of a parental training program on children's achievement
D) the effects of a support group in helping people lose weight
B) the effects of schizophrenic parents on children's adjustment
130
If one were studying the hypothesis that people with high levels of stress are MORE likely to get
cancer and wanted to include a matched control group, that group would:
A) have low levels of stress.
B) have high levels of stress.
C) have cancer.
D) not have cancer.
A) have low levels of stress.
131
If researchers using matched control subjects find that abused children are sadder than nonabused
children, we know that:
A) both groups of children showed equal levels of sadness before the study.
B) the nonabused group differed from the abused group in many important ways.
C) there were more girls than boys in the abused group because girls are more likely to be sad.
D) abuse is probably what is causing the difference in sadness between these groups.
D) abuse is probably what is causing the difference in sadness between these groups.
132
```
The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or
unpredictable events is:
A) natural.
B) matched-control.
C) analogue.
D) single-subject.
```
A) natural.
133
Which of the following would be LEAST appropriately studied, using a natural experiment?
A) the effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual functioning
B) the effects of war on children in Kosovo
C) the effects of a plant closing on community cohesiveness
D) the effects of a particularly harsh blizzard on depression
A) the effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual functioning
134
```
Which of the following would be the BEST design to study the effects of disasters on survivors?
A) an experiment
B) a quasi-experiment
C) a natural experiment
D) a double-blind strategy
```
C) a natural experiment
135
"Why do we do natural experiments?" asks a friend of yours. "After all, each disaster that causes
a natural experiment is unique." A good answer to your friend would be, "Using natural
experiments, researchers have learned quite a lot about:
A) stress disorders."
B) different kinds of schizophrenia."
C) autism."
D) bipolar disorder."
A) stress disorders."
136
Which of the following might be an example of an analogue experiment?
A) exposing laboratory rats to high levels of stress to see if they develop signs of "depression"
B) having human participants live for a week in a simulated mental hospital to see how they
respond
C) exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment
D) None of the answers is correct.
C) exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment
137
Which of the following is an analogue study?
A) studying children in their classrooms
B) studying the effects of stress in nonhumans
C) studying the effects of metaphors on memory
D) studying the elderly in nursing homes
B) studying the effects of stress in nonhumans
138
A researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety and decides to study it
in rats by conditioning in them the fear of a high-pitched noise and then testing the rats' reactions
with and without the drug. This is an example of a(n):
A) natural experiment.
B) analogue experiment.
C) quasi-experimental study.
D) correlation.
B) analogue experiment.
139
In order to justify analogue experiments with animals, researchers must:
A) make the case that animals and humans are the same.
B) balance the suffering of the animals with the knowledge to be gained.
C) make sure that no discomfort comes to the animals used in the experiment.
D) guarantee rights to the animals that are equivalent to rights granted humans.
B) balance the suffering of the animals with the knowledge to be gained.
140
```
Seligman's study in which he created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of a(n) ______
study.
A) analogue
B) case
C) epidemiological
D) quasi-experimental
```
A) analogue
141
Experimenters are generally willing to:
A) subject humans to more pain than animals.
B) subject animals to excessive pain.
C) subject animals to more discomfort than humans.
D) do analogue studies with humans but not animals.
C) subject animals to more discomfort than humans.
142
Which of the following is the BEST example of baseline data in a single-subject design?
A) how well the treated behavior generalizes to a non-treatment setting
B) the level of the treated behavior just as treatment is ending
C) how long the treatment is maintained
D) the level of behavior before treatment begins
D) the level of behavior before treatment begins
143
In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the
manipulation of an independent variable. This initial observation period is called the:
A) reversal period.
B) baseline period.
C) normalization period.
D) standardization period.
B) baseline period.
144
Imagine that you are doing an ABAB reversal design study in which you are measuring level of
depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the first "A" in the
study?
A) healthy eating habits
B) exercise
C) no exercise
D) depression
D) depression
145
Imagine that you are doing an ABAB reversal design study in which you are measuring level of
depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the
study?
A) healthy eating habits
B) exercise
C) no exercise
D) depression
B) exercise
146
```
If a participant's self-stimulation is observed, punished, observed again without punishment, and
punished again, the design is a(n):
A) multiple baseline.
B) analogue.
C) correlation.
D) ABAB reversal.
```
D) ABAB reversal.
147
A classmate of yours says, "The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no
control group, so you don't know if the treatment is effective." Your BEST reply is:
A) "You're absolutely right."
B) "If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls."
C) "Researchers routinely include control participants along with the actual participants."
D) "You don't need controls; single-subject experiments are always double-blind."
B) "If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls."
148
A clinician using an ABAB design to reduce the frequency of suicidal thoughts in a client finds
that in the second "A" condition, suicidal thoughts remain as low as they had been at the end of
the first "B" condition. The clinician can be reasonably sure that:
A) suicidal thoughts have been permanently reduced.
B) the independent variable is controlling the suicidal thoughts.
C) the client is ready for additional forms of treatment.
D) the independent variable is not controlling the suicidal thoughts.
D) the independent variable is not controlling the suicidal thoughts.
149
The MOST accurate summary of what has happened in the United States in the last 50 years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:
A) there has been important progress, but concerns still remain.
B) recent changes in legal and ethical regulation of human research have virtually eliminated
potential problems.
C) the current situation is as bad as it has ever been.
D) colleges and universities, but not governmental agencies, have made important progress in
protecting human rights.
A) there has been important progress, but concerns still remain.
150
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate conclusion about new drug studies, placebo
studies, symptom-exacerbation studies, and medication-withdrawal studies?
A) The studies provide very little useful information about the biology of disorders.
B) The studies do not use scientific methods.
C) The studies are often conducted on children.
D) The studies have led to calls for greater safeguards for patients.
D) The studies have led to calls for greater safeguards for patients.
151
A researcher randomly divides young women suffering from anorexia into two groups. Participants in
Group A receive psychotherapy and drug treatments; participants in Group B receive attention (but no
therapy) and a "sugar pill." The researcher then compares participants in the two groups on relief of
anorexia symptoms.
128. The preceding experiment is an example of what research design?
A) experiment
B) natural experiment
C) correlational study
D) case study
A) experiment
152
A researcher randomly divides young women suffering from anorexia into two groups. Participants in
Group A receive psychotherapy and drug treatments; participants in Group B receive attention (but no therapy) and a "sugar pill." The researcher then compares participants in the two groups on relief of
anorexia symptoms.
129. One important criticism of the preceding research is that it is a:
A) medication-withdrawal study.
B) symptom-exacerbation study.
C) multiple-baseline study.
D) placebo study.
D) placebo study.
153
A researcher randomly divides young women suffering from anorexia into two groups. Participants in
Group A receive psychotherapy and drug treatments; participants in Group B receive attention (but no therapy) and a "sugar pill." The researcher then compares participants in the two groups on relief of anorexia symptoms.
130. The ethical concern about placebo drug studies such as the preceding study, is that:
A) the experimental group gets an untried medication.
B) the placebo group gets no treatment at all.
C) the placebo group gets another medication that may not be as effective.
D) None of the answers is correct.
B) the placebo group gets no treatment at all.
154
Which of the following is TRUE about case studies and single-subject designs?
A) Single-subject designs have more internal validity.
B) Single-subject designs have more external validity.
C) Case studies have more external validity.
D) Case studies have more internal validity.
A) Single-subject designs have more internal validity.
155
"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a friend of yours in this class. Your
BEST answer would be:
A) "Yes."
B) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity."
C) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater external validity."
D) "They're not very similar, and the ABAB design has greater internal validity and greater
external validity."
B) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity."
156
There are many obstacles that hinder psychologists' attempts to understand and treat disorders. All
of the following are obstacles, EXCEPT:
A) respecting the rights of human participants and nonhuman subjects in research.
B) participants' and researchers' awareness of and expectations about research.
C) the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans.
D) All the answers are correct.
C) the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans.
157
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the obstacles that clinical scientists face
in studying psychological disorders?
A) The level of self-awareness that humans possess may influence the results.
B) Humans have unusually stable (unchanging) moods and behavior.
C) The causes of human functioning are complex.
D) Ethical considerations limit the kinds of studies that can be done.
B) Humans have unusually stable (unchanging) moods and behavior.
158
Various obstacles interfere with the study of abnormal psychology. All of the following are
examples, EXCEPT:
A) Most clinicians oppose the scientific study of their discipline.
B) Human beings are complex.
C) Self-awareness may influence the results of the study.
D) Clinicians have a special relationship with their research subjects.
A) Most clinicians oppose the scientific study of their discipline.
159
When more than one research method produces similar results, we:
A) are suspicious of the results.
B) can have more confidence in the results.
C) suspect that experimenter bias has occurred.
D) conclude that our results are due to confounds.
B) can have more confidence in the results.
160
Which of the following is the BEST way for clinicians to come to an understanding of abnormal
behavior?
A) to rely solely on experimental research studies
B) to rely on findings that have been supported by multiple research methods
C) to ignore studies that show conflicting results.
D) to rely on conventional wisdom of past ages.
B) to rely on findings that have been supported by multiple research methods
161
Once a study in abnormal psychology finds significant results:
A) we can conclude that the study is valid.
B) we must ask a number of questions about the details of the study.
C) we can apply the results to clinical practice.
D) we have good information about how to prevent the disorder from occurring.
B) we must ask a number of questions about the details of the study.
162
The correlational method of research may include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) epidemiological studies.
B) longitudinal studies.
C) testing the correlation coefficient for statistical significance.
D) ABAB (reversal) studies.
D) ABAB (reversal) studies.
163
Gestalt therapy was developed by:
A. Carl Rogers
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Albert Bandura
D. Frederick (Fritz) Perls
D. Frederick (Fritz) Perls
164
According to Carl Rogers, a child who did not receive unconditional positive regard in early life is likely to acquire:
A. schizophrenia
B. conditions of worth
C. self-actualization
D. phobias
B. conditions of worth
165
Cognitive therapists guide clients to challenge their own dysfunctional:
A. dreams
B. behaviors
C. thoughts
D. emotions
C. thoughts
166
Depression has been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters ___ and ___.
A. dopamine; endorphin
B. GABA; EDTA
C. serotonin; norepinephrine
D. cortisol; MDMA
C. serotonin; norepinephrine
167
Huntington's disease has been traced to a loss of cells in the:
A. hippocampus
B. basal ganglia
C. hypothalamus
D. forebrain
B. basal ganglia
168
In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:
A. paradigms
B. organizers
C. categories
D. denominations
A. paradigms
169
___ theorists believe that people are motivated by a need to have relationships with others and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to abnormal development.
A. Ego
B. Self
C. Behavioral
D. Object relations
D. Object relations
170
In which of the paradigms of abnormal psychology is the role of the therapist thought to be that of a teacher?
A. the biological model
B. The existential model
C. the multicultural model
D. the behavioral model
D. the behavioral model
171
The example of a young boy developing a fear of sand because there is a sandbox in the yard where a dog barks and lunges demonstrates a principle of:
A. operant conditioning
B. modeling
C. classical conditioning
D. transference learning
C. classical conditioning
172
The oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models is the ___ model.
A. behavioral
B. eclectic
C. cognitive
D. psychodynamic
D. psychodynamic
173
Which is not one of the three types of biological treatments used today?
A. drug therapy
B. insulin coma
C. psychosurgery
D. electroconvulsive therapy
B. insulin coma
174
According to Freud, the id operates in accordance with the ___ principle.
A. morality
B. reality
C. pleasure
D. constriction
C. pleasure
175
According to psychodynamic theorists, when people behave with their therapist the way they interacted with their parents, they are demonstrating:
A. resistance
B. catharsis
C. transference
D. fixation
C. transference
176
___ are chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
A. Genes
B. Synapses
C. Neurotransmitters
D. Hormones
D. Hormones
177
Which is an inaccurate statement about the role of genes in abnormal behavior?
A. Genes probably play no part in mental disorders
B. The Human Genome Protect, completed in 2000, helps identify the precise contribution of various genes to mental disorders
C. Each human cell contains about 30,000 genes, some of which may contribute to mental disorders
D. In most cases, several genes combine to help produce dysfunctional behavior
A. Genes probably play no part in mental disorders
178
Which of the following minority groups of individuals in the United States are more likely to stop therapy sooner than white Americans?
A. Native Americans
B. Asian Americans
C. Hispanic Americans
D. All of the answers are correct.
D. All of the answers are correct.
179
What is the main different between group therapy and self-help group?
A. Group therapy is less expensive then a self-help group since the members have a set time and place where they are going to meet
B. In group therapy there is a trained therapist who leads the interaction, while a self-help group is conducted by people who share a similar problem without the help of a professional clinician
C. Group therapy must be conducted by a person who shared the same problem as the group members, while a self-help group is run by a therapist who has no involvement in the problem that the other group members face
D. Self-help groups provide far more confidentiality to the group members than a group therapy situation
B. In group therapy there is a trained therapist who leads the interaction, while a self-help group is conducted by people who share a similar problem without the help of a professional clinician
180
Which model of abnormality rests on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is "accidental" and that all behavior is determined by past experiences?
A. the psychodynamic model
B. the cognitive model
C. the sociocultural model
D. the feminist model
A. the psychodynamic model
181
Which contemporary psychodynamic approach holds that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients - figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy?
A. Gestalt psychodynamic therapy
B. short-term psychodynamic therapy
C. object relations therapy
D. relational psychoanalytic therapy
D. relational psychoanalytic therapy
182
Albert Bandura argued that in order to feel happy and function effectively, people must develop a positive sense of:
A. ego
B. self-efficacy
C. self- actualization
D. transference
B. self-efficacy
183
According to Freud, ___ is a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.
A. fixation
B. overcompensation
C. sublimation
D. displacement
B. overcompensation
184
Which of the following psychological difficulties are more highly reported by those in the American Indian population as compared with white Americans?
A. "serious psychological distress"
B. "extreme sadness"
C. "high alcoholism"
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
185
Which of the following would be the type of prevention that seeks to provide treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems?
A. primary prevention
B. secondary prevention
C. tertiary prevention
D. florid prevention
C. tertiary prevention
186
The ___ helps to regulate emotions and memory.
A. basal ganglia
B. hippocampus
C. corpus callosum
D. thalamus
B. hippocampus
187
Behavioral therapists base their explanations and treatments of mental abnormality on principles of:
A. relationships
B. ego development
C. dream analysis
D. learning
D. learning
188
Which perspective is the most controversial in the clinical field of mental abnormality?
A. biological
B. sociocultural
C. evolutionary
D. behavioral
C. evolutionary
189
According to Freud, the ___ is the psychological force that represents a person's conscience.
A. moral compass
B. conscience
C. superego
D. ego
C. superego
190
A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias gradually learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear of objects they dread is known as:
A. self-actualization
B. flooding
C. systematic desensitization
D. catharsis
C. systematic desensitization
191
According to the psychodynamic model, someone who unconsciously refuses to fully participate in therapy is said to be demonstrating:
A. repression
B. regression
C. resistance
D. reaction formation
C. resistance
192
___ therapy suggests that people have two options with their lives - to face up to our own "being" and to give meanings to our lives or to shrink and hide form the responsibility.
A. Humanistic
B. Existential
C. Gestalt
D. Client-centered
B. Existential
193
One of the main differences between group therapy and self-help group is the presence in group therapy of:
A. more than one person
B. more than one therapist
C. a professional therapist
D. people who are related by marriage or other familial connection
C. a professional therapist
194
When a 3-year-old boy climbed over a barrier at the Brookfield Zoo in Illinois in 1996 and feel into a gorilla compound, clinical theorists had a field day interpreting which of the events that took place after the boy fell?
A. The gorillas all fled from the boy, as they recognized that going near him would lead to being shot with a tranquilizer dart
B. The boy was severely injured as the gorillas attacked what they interpreted to be a predator
C. A 160-pound gorilla picked up the boy, protected him, and carried him to rescue workers unharmed
D. The gorillas in the compound all fought over who would get to "claim" the boy as their offspring, and it took weeks before the boy could safely be rescued
C. A 160-pound gorilla picked up the boy, protected him, and carried him to rescue workers unharmed
195
According to Aaron Beck's cognitive theory, one illogical thought process regularly found in depression is ___, the drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
A. dichotomous thinking
B. catastrophizing
C. selective abstraction
D. overgeneralization
D. overgeneralization
196
According to the ___ model, human beings are driven to self-actualize, or to fulfill their natural potential for goodness and growth.
A. humanistic
B. existential
C. Gestalt
D. socioevolutionary
A. humanistic
197
Some research has suggested that ___ has been linked to exposure to certain viruses during childhood or before birth.
A. bipolar disorder
B. dissociative identity disorder
C. schizophrenia
D. depression
C. schizophrenia
198
Which of the following is not described by your text as being a part of the cerebrum?
A. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. amygdala
D. corpus callosum
A. hypothalamus
199
Dr. Jacob supports this model which believes a full understanding of his patients' thoughts, emotions, and behavior must also include an understanding of their biological basis.
A. humanistic-existential model
B. sociocultural model
C. biological model
D. cultural model
C. biological model
200
The Biological Model is best rooted in:
A. sociology
B. philosophy
C. medicine
D. psychology
C. medicine
201
Julie would have doubts of depression followed by periods of normalcy. On her last admission, she presented with increased excitability, euphoric mood, and rapid speech. She was prescribed which of the following medications?
A. antipsychotics
B. anxiolytics
C. mood stabilizers
D. antidepressants
C. mood stabilizers
202
According to Freud, this is the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals.
A. superego
B. supraego
C. id
D. ego
A. superego
203
These psychodynamic emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than Freud did.
A. superego theorists
B. self theorists
C. ego theorists
D. object relations theorists
C. ego theorists
204
These psychodynamic theorists propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others.
A. ego theorists
B. self theorists
C. object relations theorists
D. superego theorists
C. object relations theorists
205
This model emphasizes behavior and the ways in which it is learned.
A. biological model
B. cognitive model
C. behavioral model
D. psychodynamic model
C. behavioral model
206
The behavioral model began in laboratories where psychologists were running experiments on:
A. conditioning
B. imaging
C. sleeping
D. dreaming
A. conditioning
207
Jonas is afraid of elevators and begins to see a therapist who specializes in a behavioral treatment which is applied in a step-by-step procedure known as:
A. systematic sensitization
B. behavioral desensitization
C. systematic desensitization
D. classical desensitization
C. systematic desensitization
208
This model concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior.
A. biological model
B. cognitive model
C. psychodynamic model
D. behavioral model
B. cognitive model
209
Approximately ___ percent of today's clinical psychologists report that their approach is behavioral.
A. 10
B. 30
C. 19
D. 29
A. 10
210
He proposed that many forms of abnormal behavior can be traced to cognitive factors.
A. Jung
B. Bandura
C. Freud
D. Beck
D. Beck
211
This model stresses the role of values and choices.
A. humanistic-existential model
B. cognitive model
C. sociocultural model
D. behavioral model
A. humanistic-existential model
212
This humanistic therapy involves clinicians actively moving clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises.
A. Gestalt
B. Renault
C. Person-Centered
D. Client-centered
A. Gestalt
213
Family members who are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings have an ___ structure.
A. enmeshed
B. engrossed
C. entrenched
D. engaged
A. enmeshed
214
In ___, therapists works with two individuals who are in a long-term relationship.
A. multicultural therapy
B. conjoint therapy
C. couples therapy
D. structural partnership therapy
C. couples therapy
215
This approach seeks to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups.
A. culture-sensitive therapies
B. minority-sensitive therapies
C. culture-blended therapies
D. culture-prone therapies
A. culture-sensitive therapies
216
Zack was driving his 3-year-old daughter, Josie, to preschool when another driver cut him off. he immediately cursed loudly at the other driver. At school later that day, Josie became angry when another child took her toy and she used the same expletive she heard her father say earlier. This is an example of ___.
modelling
217
Jane is overweight and her health is suffering. She explains to her doctor that "food is her only happiness in life and she deserves to be happy." Jane's explanation is an example of:
A. repression
B. regression
C. rationalization
D. projection
C. rationalization
218
Hal is seeking help for his depression through an online service. This type of ___ has seen a growth in recent years.
cybertherapy
219
The behavioral model began in laboratories where psychologists were running experiments on:
A. sleeping
B. dreaming
C. imaging
D. conditioning
D. conditioning
220
Approximately ___ percent of today's clinical psychologists report that their approach is cognitive.
A. 25
B. 26
C. 28
D. 30
C. 28
221
He was one of two clinicians who proposed that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.
A. Carl Rogers
B. Albert Ellis
C. Carl Jung
D. Albert Bandura
B. Albert Ellis
222
This is the process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.
A. classical conditioning
B. operant conditioning
C. modeling
D. intellectualizing
A. classical conditioning
223
This model looks to social and cultural forces as the keys to human functioning.
A. social model
B. cultural model
C. humanistic-existential model
D. sociocultural model
D. sociocultural model
224
___ involves speaking with a therapist with the aid of Skype or a webcam.
A. Digital therapy
B. Visual e-therapy
C. Tele-therapy
D. Info-therapy
B. Visual e-therapy
225
This model sees physical processes as key to human behavior.
A. biological model
B. cognitive model
C. behavioral model
D. psychodynamic model
A. biological model
226
When a subject is participating in clinical phase III of a drug study, which of the following is taking place?
A. The drug is being tested on animals.
B. The subject is being asked about any unexpected long-term effects
C. The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and identify side effects.
D. The safety of the drug is being assessed by the subject.
C. The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and identify side effects.
227
This model concentrates on the responses an organism makes to its environment.
A. behavioral
B. environmental
C. psychodynamic
D. sociocultural
A. behavioral
228
This model stresses the role of values and choices.
A. cognitive model
B. behavioral model
C. humanistic-existential model
D. sociocultural model
C. humanistic-existential model
229
The three main biological treatments include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. psychosurgery
B. electroconvulsive therapy
C. drug therapy
D. psychotherapy
D. psychotherapy
230
He proposed that many forms of abnormal behavior can be traced to cognitive factors.
A. Aaron Beck
B. Carl Jung
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Albert Bandura
A. Aaron Beck
231
Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the cortex and the:
A. corpus callosum
B. basal ganglia
C. hippocampus
D. amygdala
B. basal ganglia
232
The ___ operates on the pleasure principle, while the ___ operates on the reality principle.
A. ego; superego
B. id; superego
C. id; ego
D. ego; id
C. id; ego
233
According to Freud, a child's pleasure from nursing is reflected in the ___ part of the personality.
Id
234
Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:
A. instincts, the ego, and the self
B. biological forces, culture, and learning
C. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards
D. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts
C. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards
235
The proper of Freud's developmental stages is:
A. anal, phallic, latency, genital, oral
B. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D. phallic, latency, genital, oral, anal
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
236
This model looks at people's unconscious internal processes and conflicts.
A. biological model
B. cognitive model
C. behavioral model
D. psychodynamic model
D. psychodynamic model
237
When Frank's wife was diagnosed with breast cancer, rather than deal with his feelings, he searched countless hours on the internet and in the library for the latest treatments and advances. This is an example of:
A. denial
B. regression
C. rationalization
D. intellectualization
D. intellectualization
238
Angel is asked to "free associate" about his experience as a soldier in Afghanistan and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of ___.
resistance
239
Hiro was reprimanded by his boss for not working fast enough. When Hiro got home, he yelled at his kids and told them that they are grounded because their homework wasn't yet done. The defense mechanism _____ is at work here.
A) sublimation
B) repression
C) projection
D) displacement
displacement
240
Learning based on behavioral consequences is known as _____.
A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning
modelling
241
Humanistic-existential theorists believe that psychological disorders result from _____.
A) dysfunctional parenting.
B) maladaptive behavior.
C) maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.
D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self
242
Resistance, transference, and dreams are aspects of which type of model?
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic-existential
D) sociocultural
C) Psychodynamic
