mid-term

Question 1

What is anatomical position (or stance) of the human body?

Answer 1

Upright, face forward and palms facing forward

Question 2

What kind of plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

Answer 2

Midsagittal

Question 3

What kind of plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?

Answer 3

Parasagittal

Question 4

What kind of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Answer 4

Transverse or cross-section or axial

Question 5

What kind of plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Answer 5

Coronal or frontal

Question 6

Know the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each.

Answer 6

Right hypochondriac (liver)
Epigastric (liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine)
Left hypochondriac (stomach, large intestine)
Right lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
Umbilical (small intestine, large intestine)
Left lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
Right iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
Hypogastric (small intestine, large intestine, appendix, bladder)
Left iliac (small intestine, large intestine)

Question 7

Know the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each

Answer 7

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)- liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)- liver, stomach, large intestine small intestine, spleen
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)- large intestine, appendix, small intestine, bladder
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)- large intestine, small intestine, bladder

Question 8

Provide a description for each of the terms of relative position used by anatomists. Also know how to use these terms properly

Answer 8

Superior vs inferior: above vs below
Anterior vs posterior: front vs back
Medial vs lateral: close to midline vs to the side
Ipsilateral vs contralateral: same side vs opposite side
Proximal vs distal: closer to truck vs farther away from the truck
Superficial vs deep: near surface of body vs deep within body
Prone vs supine: face down vs face up
Peripheral: more correctly used instead of superficial when referring to nerves and blood vessels

Question 9

To what does the axial portion of the body refer?

Answer 9

trunk , neck, and head

Question 10

nasal

Answer 10

nose

Question 11

brachial

Answer 11

arm

Question 12

popliteal

Answer 12

back of the knee

Question 13

To what does the appendicular portion of the body refer?

Answer 13

Upper limbs and lower limbs

Question 14

Where are the body cavities located?

Answer 14

In the axial portion of the body

Question 15

What are the major anterior body cavities?

Answer 15

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

Question 16

What are the major posterior body cavities?

Answer 16

Cranial, vertebral

Question 17

What are the major cavities within the head?

Answer 17

Cranal, frontal sinuses, sphenoidal sinus, orbital, middle ear, nasal, and oral

Question 18

What are the thoracic membranes covering the organs in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 18

Visceral pleura cover lungs; visceral pericardium covers heart

Question 19

What are the thoracic membranes lining the thoracic cavity?

Answer 19

Parietal pleural covers cavity around lungs; parietal pericardium covers cavity around heart or the mediastinum

Question 20

What is the abdominopelvic membrane covering the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Answer 20

Visceral peritoneum

Question 21

What is the abdominopelvic membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Answer 21

Parietal peritoneum

Question 22

Both visceral and pleural membranes are serous membranes. What does this mean?

Answer 22

They both secrete a slippery serous fluid that fills the “cavity” between the two membranes in order to decrease friction and allow organs to slide around in their cavities

Question 23

What are the four types of tissue which are found in all vertebrate animals?

Answer 23

Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous

Question 24

a group of similar cells performing a similar function

Ex: are the stomach, lungs, and heart which are made up of several tissues each

Answer 24

Tissue

Question 25

a group of tissues performing a specialized function Ex: the digestive system is made up of these organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Answer 25

organ

Question 26

a collection of several organs functioning together Ex: The cardiovascular system made up of these organs: heart and blood vessels The respiratory system made up of these organs: nasal cavity, throat, trachea, lungs

Answer 26

Organ system

Question 27

collection of organ systems that carry on life processes Ex: is a human with the various organ systems that he or she needs to live, including the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine urinary, ect.

Answer 27

organism

Question 28

What are the four types of tissue and their major functions?

Answer 28

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

Question 29

connects, supports, and transports | Examples are tendons, bone, adipose (fat), and blood

Answer 29

Connective

Question 30

contracts and relaxes to provide movement and produce heat. | Examples are skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth (involuntary) muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle

Answer 30

Muscular

Question 31

contracts and relaxes to provide movement and produce heat. | Examples are skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth (involuntary) muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle

Answer 31

Muscular

Question 32

conducts nervous impulses throughout the body or helps those that do. Examples are neurons and neuroglial cells

Answer 32

nervous

Question 33

Name the types of epithelial tissue

Answer 33

Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Pseudostratified columnar, and Stratified squamous

Question 34

single layer of flattened, irregularly-shaped cells connected to a basement membrane

Answer 34

Simple squamous

Question 35

single layer of cube-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane

Answer 35

Simple cuboidal

Question 36

single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane

Answer 36

Simple columnar

Question 37

- single layer of column-shaped cells laying a basement membrane - Appear to be two cell layers since the nuclei of the various cells may be close to the basement membrane or far away from the basement membrane - May have cilia and/or goblet cells

Answer 37

Pseudostratified columnar

Question 38

layers of strata of simple squamous cells, with only the bottom layer of cells laying on the basement membranes. Ex: the epidermis of the skin

Answer 38

Stratified squamous

Question 39

What three components are found in all connective tissue?

Answer 39

``` Ground substance or matrix (noncellular) Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic) Specialized cells (fibroblasts and stem cells which produce new cells) ```

Question 40

What are the three types of connective tissue in vertebrae?

Answer 40

Fibrous (can be loose, dense, or adipose) Supportive (can be cartilage or bone) Fluid (can be blood of lymph)

Question 41

What are the three types of muscular tissue in vertebrates?

Answer 41

Skeletal (voluntary so we control its movement; attached to our bones) Smooth (involuntary so we don't control its contractions; lines out digestive tract) Cardiac (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; found in the heart