joint test

Question 1

bones must be ________ together in order to function

Answer 1

joined

Question 2

the science of joints

Answer 2

arthrology

Question 3

involves the joints

Answer 3

arthroscopic surgery

Question 4

there are many kinds of joints, ad they can be classified by the types of tissue binding the joint at each junction

Answer 4

1. Fibrous joints (connective tissue)
2. Cartilaginous joints (fibrocartilage)
3. Synovial joints (synovial membrane)

Question 5

have just a little fibrous connective tissue between bones
are immovable
example: sutures of cranial bones

Answer 5

fibrous joints

Question 6

have fibrocartilage between bones

examples: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Answer 6

cartilaginous joints

Question 7

most body joints are of this type
allow free movement
have synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid- the consistency of raw egg white
examples: humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hipbone

Answer 7

synovial joints

Question 8

characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 8

1. articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) at the end of the two articulating bones
2. synovial membrane surrounds joint and produces synovial fluid which fills the synovial cavity
3. joint capsule (heavy connective tissue) surrounds the entire joint
4. bursae (outpockets of membrane)

Question 9

functions of parts making up synovial joints

Answer 9

1. synovial fluid
   
   • reduces friction
   • moistens cartilage
   • nourishes cartilage
2. joint capsule provides stability and protection
3. bursae cushion joint

Question 10

Why is it important for synovial fluid to nourish cartilage

Answer 10

cartilage has no blood vessels

Question 11

a functional junction between bones

Answer 11

joint

Question 12

synovial joints can be classified according to shape and movement

Answer 12

1. hinge joint
2. ball and socket joint
3. pivot joint
4. saddle joint

Question 13

convex surface of one bone fits the concave surface of another bone
functions to increase or decrease an angle
has movement in one plane only
examples:
-elbow
-knee

Answer 13

hinge joint

Question 14

head of one bones fits into the depression of another bone
provides the most movement (movement in all planes plus rational movement around a central axis)
examples:
hip (femur in acetabulum)
shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity)

Answer 14

ball and socket joint

Question 15

Provides rotation around a central axis
Examples:
Head of radius round ulna
Atlas around the axis

Answer 15

Pivot joints

Question 16

Concave surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone
Both bones have concave and convex surfaces (saddle-shaped)
Provides movement in two planes
Examples:
1st metacarpal with carpal bone

Answer 16

Saddle joint

Question 17

What happens when you pop your knuckles?

Answer 17

Bones of the joint pull apart
Joint capsule is stretched
Volume of synovial cavity is increased, which decreases pressure within cavity
Decreased pressure leads to gases once dissolved in synovial fluid forming bubbles- a process known as cavitation
If pressure in cavity drops enough, these bubbles burst, producing the pop associated with knuckle cracking
Takes 25-30 minutes for gas to redissolve

Question 18

Joint movement

Answer 18

Goes on every time we move, walk, write, or go about our everyday activities…
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction

Question 19

Functions to decrease an angle

Example: biceps contracting decrease the angle of the elbow

Answer 19

Flexion

Question 20

Functions to increase an angle

Example: triceps contracting increase the angle of the elbow

Answer 20

Extension

Question 21

Functions to bring a limb toward the midline

example : adductor muscle in thigh is medial

Answer 21

adduction

Question 22

Functions to move a limb away from the midline

Example: deltoid contracts to take arm away from midline

Answer 22

Abduction

Question 23

Functions to make a circular motion

Example: arm moving in a chair

Answer 23

Circumduction

Question 24

Joint disorders

Answer 24

Arthritis (osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis)
Bursitis
Gout
Sprains

Question 25

inflammation of the joints

Answer 25

Arthritis

Question 26

• Most common form of arthritis
• Initially triggered by a trauma (injury)
• Results in destruction of articular cartilage so get -movement of bone against bone
• Synovial fluid has reduced viscosity
• Symptoms are extreme pain and immobility

Answer 26

Osteoarthritis

Question 27

• Is an autoimmune disease that is a combination of genetic and environmental factors
• Results in inflammation of the synovial membrane which increases the secretion of synovial fluid, making joints swell
• Symptoms are extreme rain and immobility

Answer 27

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 28

-Inflammation of bursae, or membrane sacs which cushion joints
-Commonly occurs in hips, shoulders, and knees when overused
-Extremely painful
Examples:
Lots of walking can inflame the bursa between the calcaneus bone and the Achilles tendon

Answer 28

Bursitis

Question 29

• Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, commonly the big toe
• Occurs due to the inability of the body to break down purines
• Extremely painful
• Fossilized remains of Sue, a t-rex, showed signs of gout

Answer 29

Gout

Question 30

• Overstretching or tearing of the connective tissues around joints (can be cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
• Often caused by twisting

Answer 30

Sprains