final exam Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones are found in the human skeleton?
A
206
2
Q
Why do babies have more bones than adults?
A
Babies are born with 270 soft bones, many of which fuse together in the late teens
3
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Supports body (bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support body’s weight
- Gives shape to structures such as head, face, and limbs
- Protects organs like the heart and lungs
- Allows movement (serves as points of attachment for muscles)
- Produces blood cells (red, white, and platelets)
- Stores inorganic salts (minerals) like calcium and phosphorus which our bodies need for proper maintenance
4
Q
What two body systems interact to provide movement?
A
Skeletal system and muscular system
5
Q
Muscles are connected to bones by
A
tendons
6
Q
Bones are connected to bones by
A
ligaments
7
Q
Where two bones meet one another it’s usually called a
A
joint or articulation
8
Q
How do muscles produce movement of a joint?
A
The muscles must be attached to two different bones involved in the joint. When the muscles contract, they pull the bones together and a bend occurs at the joint; when the muscles relax, the bones straighten out and the joint is no longer bent
9
Q
Give an example of the bones and muscles working together to cause bending at a joint, then straightening at the joint
A
A contraction of the biceps coupled with a relaxation of the triceps produces a bend at the elbow. A contraction of the triceps coupled with a relaxation of the biceps produces a straight arm
10
Q
Where are blood cells produced?
A
In the red marrow of certain bones
11
Q
What are the two primary mineral salts stored in bone?
A
Calcium and phosphorus
12
Q
What results in the release of these two minerals from the bone when blood levels of them drop?
A
Hormones from the endocrine system
13
Q
What is osteoporosis?
A
Disease of the bone in which the bone mineral density is reduced, bone structure is disrupted, and proteins in bone are altered
14
Q
How does the axial skeleton differ from the appendicular skeleton?
A
- Axial skeleton: consists of the bones forming the axis of the body: head, neck, and trunk
- Appendicular skeleton: consists of the appendages and the bones (girdles) which anchor them to the axial skeleton
15
Q
Name and locate the major bones of the axial skeleton
A
- Skull
- Middle ear bones
- Hyoid bone
- Vertebral column bones
- Thoracic cage bones
16
Q
Name and locate the major bones of the appendicular skeleton
A
- Upper extremities (whole arm)
- Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
- Lower extremities (whole leg)
- Pelvic girdle (coxal or hip bones made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis)
17
Q
List the five types of bone and give an example of each.
A
- Long bones (femur)
- Short bones (tarsal)
- Flat bones (partial bone of head)
- Irregular bones (vertebrae)
- Sesamoid or round bones (patella)
18
Q
What are some characteristics of long bones? Where are they found?
A
- Are longer than they are wide; have expanded ends called epiphyses (singular is epiphysis); shaft is called the diaphysis
- Found in the upper and lower extremities
19
Q
Describe the epiphysis
A
- Expanded ends of long bone
- Articulate with other bones
- Covered with hyaline cartilage
- Have spongy bone inside so aren’t as strong as the diaphysis or shaft
- The epiphysis closest to the trunk is the proximal epiphysis while the epiphysis farthest from the trunk is the distal epiphysis
20
Q
What are some characteristics of short bones? Where are they found?
A
- Are short and sub-shaped so lengths and widths are roughly equal
- Include bones found in the wrists and ankles
21
Q
What are some characteristics of flat bones? Where are they found?
A
- Have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles
- Include ribs, cranium, pectoral girdle
22
Q
What are some characteristics of sesamoid or round bones?
A
- Small and nodular; embedded within tendons adjacent to joints
- Include patella (knee cap)
23
Q
What is a joint?
A
A joint is a functional junction between bones
24
Q
What is arthrology?
A
Arthrology is the study of joints
25
What are the three major types of joints (classified by the type of tissue binding the joint)?
1. Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue)
2. Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage connective tissue)
3. Synovial (synovial membrane, an epithelial tissue)
26
Describe the characteristics of fibrous joints and give an example of this type of joint
Fibrous joints are immovable. They have a tiny bit of fibrous connective tissue between the bones they join. Examples of fibrous joints are the structures of cranial bones
27
Describe the characteristics of cartilaginous joints and give an example of this type of joint
Cartilaginous joints have tough fibrocartilage connective tissue between the bones they join. They are able to move slightly. Examples of cartilaginous joints include the (1) intervertebral discs and the (2) pubic symphysis
28
Describe the characteristics of synovial joints and give an example of this type of joint
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body and have synovial membranes (an epithelial tissue) lining the joint and secreting synovial fluid. Synovial joints allow free movement. Examples of synovial joints are the (1) humerus articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and (2) the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the hipbone or coxa
29
What two characteristics are used to classify synovial joints?
Shape and movement
30
What are the four major types of synovial joints?
1) hinge joint
2) ball and socket joint
3) pivot joint
4) saddle joint
31
Describe the characteristics and functions of hinge joints and give an example of the type of joint.
Hinge joint
characteristics: the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone; can move in only one plane
Functions: increases or decreases the angle formed by the joint
examples: elbow and knee
32
Describe the characteristics and functions of ball and socket joints and give an example of this type of joint
Ball and socket joint
Characteristics: head of one bone fits into depression of another bone; provides the most movement of any joint
Functions: provides movement in all planes and provides rotational movement around a central axis
Examples: hip (femur in acetabulum of coxa); shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula)
33
Describe the characteristics and functions of pivot joints and give an example of this type of joint
Pivot joint
Characteristics: one bone pivots on or around another bone
Functions: provides rotation around a central axis
Examples: head of radius rotating around ulna; atlas rotating (pivoting) around the dens of the axis
34
Describe the characteristics and functions of saddle joints and give an example of this type of joint
Saddle joints
characteristics: both bones have concave and convex surfaces (saddle-shaped); concave surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone
Functions: provides movement in two planes
Examples: first metacarpal articulating with the trapezium (a carpal bone)
35
What are the five types of joint movement? (if given an example, be able to tell which of the types of joint movement is involved.)
1) flexion
2) Extension
3) Adduction
4) Abduction
5) Circumduction
36
Give the function and an example of flexion
Flexion functions to decrease an angle. An example is the biceps contraction and decreasing the angle of the elbow (hinge joint)
37
Give the function and an example of extension
Extension functions to increase an angle. An example is the triceps contracting and increasing the angle of the elbow (hinge joint)
38
Give the function and an example of adduction
Adduction functions to bring a limb toward the midline of the body. An example is the medial adductor muscle in the thigh contracting which functions to bring the thigh toward the midline of the body
39
To what does the term arthritis refer?
Inflammation of the joints
40
What are some general functions of muscles?
- Move the skeleton (because muscles are attached to bone via tendons)
- Control openings (like the eyes, mouth, and anus which have sphincter muscles surrounding them)
- Stabilize joints (to maintain our posture)
- Provide facial expressions (like happy, sad, ect.)
- Give off heat (when you move around, work, exercise, etc.)
- Offer protection (abdominal organs protected by rectus abdominis, etc.)
41
In what five ways can muscles be named?
1) shape
2) number of heads
3) length
4) location
5) where attached
42
Give an example of muscle named in each of the five different ways
-Shape
Deltoid (looks like upside-down triangle)
Trapezius (looks like trapezoid)
-Number of heads
Biceps (has 2 heads)
Triceps (has 3 heads)
-Length
Short muscles- referred to as “brevis” (abbreviated)
Long muscles- referred to as “longus” (long)
-Location
Brachii- located in the arm
femoris - located in the thigh
Intercostals- located between the ribs
Temporalis- located over the temporal bone of the skull
-Where attached
Sternocleidomastoid- is attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastiod process of the temporal bone (this lets you know it’s in the neck)
43
What are six specific types of movement muscles produce?
-Some muscles are flexors
Flexors decrease the angle at a joint
Example: when the biceps brachii muscles contracts, the angle at the elbow decreases
-Some muscles are extensors
Extensors increase the angle at a joint
Example: when the triceps brachii muscles contracts, the angle at the elbow decreases
-Some muscles are adductors
Adductors move a limb toward the midline of the body
-some muscles are abductors
Abductors move a limb away from the midline of the body
-Some muscles are supinators
Supinators move the hand palm up (remember by “soup in palm”)
-Some muscles are pronators
Pronator move the hand palm down
44
What can you tell me about this muscle simply by looking at its name: extensor carpi radialis longus? Where would it be located?
Extensor- increases the angle of a joint
Carpi- attaches at carpal bones (wrist bones)
Radialis- is the forearm (associated with the radius bone)
Longus- is a long muscle
This is a long muscle found in the forearm which acts to extend the wrist
45
Muscles work in pairs. What is the name for each and what is its function?
Prime mover
-Main muscle contracting and carrying out the function
Antagonist
- Must relax for the prime mover to function
- Example: the biceps flex (are prime movers) only if the triceps relax (antagonist)
46
What is the name for each type of muscle attachment and what are the characteristics of each?
Origin
- Immovable end
- Is at the proximal portion of the limb or is closer to the midline of the trunk
Insertion
- Moveable end
- Is at the distal portion of the limb or is farther from the midline of the truck
47
How many muscles are there in the human body?
639
48
Can other animal’s jaws exert more pounds of pressure per square inch than a human jaw?
- A rottweiler can exert about 330 pounds of pressure per square inch
- A snapping turtle can exert even more pressure than a rottweiler
