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Biology 101 > Microevolution > Flashcards

Microevolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

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2
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic constitution of an individual organism

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3
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The sum of all alleles in a population

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4
Q

Is phenotype or genotype observable? Which is genetic information?

A

Observable – Phenotype
Genetic Information – Genotype

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5
Q

Populations exhibit allelic, or what, variation?

A

Genetic

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6
Q

What is microevolution?

A

The generation-to-generation changes in allele frequency within a population.

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7
Q

What is the smallest evolution scale?

A

Microevolution

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8
Q

What are the five causes of microevolution?

A

Mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and selection

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9
Q

What is mutation?

A

Changes the proportions of specific alleles in a population

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10
Q

What is the least important factor in microevolution and has very low rates?

A

Mutation

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11
Q

The ultimate source of genetic variation is what?

A

Mutation

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12
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Changes in allele (gene) frequency due to immigration or emigration into or out of the gene pool/population.

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13
Q

A mutated gene leads to what two types of proteins?

A

No protein or abnormal protein

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14
Q

What is nonrandom mating?

A

Individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another more commonly than is expected on a random basis

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15
Q

What is disassortative mating and what does it increase?

A

Preference for different genotypes or phenotypes and increases heterozygosity

16
Q

What is assortative mating and what does it increase?

A

Preference for similar genotypes or phenotypes and increases homozygosity

17
Q

What is genetic drift due to and affects what population size more?

A

Environmental events and small populations

17
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in frequency of an existing gene variation in the population due to random chance

18
Q

Genetic drift can lead to what in small, isolated populations?

A

Loss of alleles

19
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

Allele frequencies of the founding individuals in new populations differ from the allele frequencies in the population from which they came

20
Q

A bottleneck event leads to loss and alteration of what?

A

Genetic variability

21
Q

A bottleneck leads to a drastic reduction in what and is caused by what forces in the environment?

A

Population and natural forces like flooding, epidemic diseases, and wildfires

22
Q

What is selection?

A

An unequal survival of genes across generations

23
Q

Selections favors some individuals over others which typically leads to a phenotype with greater what usually increasing in the environment?

A

Fitness

24
Q

What does disruptive selection do?

A

Removes intermediate phenotypes and is for both extremes

25
Q

What does directional selection do?

A

Selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes

26
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Selection acts to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes

27
Q

About what percent of humans of European descent immune to HIV and other infectious diseases?

A

10%

28
Q

The Black Death of 1348-1350 killed blank million or what percentage of Europe’s population?

A

75 million or 30-60%

29
Q

With the Black Death, the allele frequency for HIV and other infectious diseases went from 1:20,000 to 1:what?

A

1:10

29
Q

Natural skin color is an what or what?

A

Adaptation or natural selection

30
Q

What is the quantification of fitness?

A

Number of surviving offspring relative to other individuals

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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