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Biology 101 > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of populations of different species interacting with one another in the same environment.

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2
Q

What is a niche?

A

What a species does in its community, every interaction a species has with its community members.

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3
Q

What is a habitat?

A

Where the species lives in its community.

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4
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The number of different species in a community.

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5
Q

Having more niches and habitats in a community leads to more species living there, which leads to a higher what?

A

Biodiversity

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6
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

Increases ecosystem productivity as each species has an important role to play, greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms, and keeps Earth’s natural systems operating.

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7
Q

Over time, nature evolves what?

A

Relationships

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8
Q

Do organisms or populations live in isolation from other individuals or the environment?

A

No, they do not live in isolation.

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9
Q

What are the six types of species interactions?

A

Commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predatory, competitive, and amensalism

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10
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

Two species that physically touch one another for a relationship to occur (live together)

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11
Q

Which two relationships are almost always symbiotic?

A

Mutualism and parasitism

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12
Q

Which relationship is always symbiotic?

A

Commensalism

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13
Q

Which relationship is usually symbiotic?

A

Amensalism

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14
Q

What is a commensalistic relationship?

A

One species benefits and the other does not harm nor benefit. (+,0)

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15
Q

What are examples of commensalism?

A

Egrets among livestock, birds and army ants, leeches, and barnacles attached to the back of whales or shells of horseshoe crabs

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16
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Both species benefit (+,+)

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17
Q

What are three examples of mutualism?

A

Pollinators and flowering plants, remoras and sharks, and 48% of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi

18
Q

What do remoras and sharks get out of their mutualistic relationship?

A

Remoras get free ride/leftovers and sharks get rid of parasites.

19
Q

What do land plants and fungi get out of their mutualistic relationship?

A

Plants get inorganic compounds and trace elements and fungi get nutrients.

20
Q

What do plants and pollinators get out of their mutualistic relationship?

A

Plants get pollen dispersal and pollinator gets nectar and pollen

21
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One species draws benefit from another but does not immediately kill it (+,-)

22
Q

What are examples of a parasitic relationship?

A

HIV in human white blood cells, mistletoe, and heartworm, tapeworms, fleas, and ticks

23
Q

What is a predatory relationships?

A

One species draws benefit from another species by immediately killing and eating it (-,-)

24
Q

Is a predatory relationship considered symbiotic?

A

No

25
Q

When is grazing considered predation?

A

When the plant dies

26
Q

Can plants be in predatory relationships?

A

Yes as there are carnivorous plants

27
Q

What are the four examples of prey defenses?

A

Camouflage, mimicry, warning coloration, and moment-of-truth defenses

28
Q

What is warning coloration?

A

When a prey tells a predator that it is potentially dangerous

29
Q

What are examples of warning coloration?

A

Bright colors or false eyes spots to startle and confuse others

30
Q

What is mimicry?

A

Once an animal experiences the defense of the model organism, it remembers the appearance as it possesses an overt antipredator defense.

31
Q

What is moment-of-truth defenses?

A

When animals are cornered

32
Q

What are examples of moment-of-truth defenses?

A

Examples include snarling, growling, showing their bare teeth, spewing odors, looking bigger, and etc.

33
Q

What is a competitive relationship?

A

Two populations or individuals fight for resources, causing harm to both (-,-)

34
Q

What are the two examples of competitive relationships?

A

Intra-specific and inter-specific

35
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between the same species

36
Q

What are examples of intraspecific competition?

A

Food, light, nutrients, space, and mates

37
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between two different species

38
Q

What are examples of interspecific competition?

A

Trees competing for light, niche/habitat overlay, and cheetahs and lions compete for the same prey.

39
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

No two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time.

40
Q

What is amensalism?

A

When one species unintentionally harms another (-,0)

41
Q

What are examples of amensalistic relationships?

A

Sheep/cattle making trails in the grass which kills it, elephants stepping on insects, and the bread mold Penicillium secretes penicillin, which is a chemical that kills bacteria.

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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