How Cells Acquire and Release Stored Energy Flashcards
Does energy flow from consumers to producers or producers to consumers?
Producers to consumers
Plants, algae, and some bacteria are all capable of what?
Photosynthesis
Bacteria use what two things to make a carbohydrate for photosynthesis?
Sunlight energy and water
44% visible light, 52% infrared, and 4% ultraviolet is the percentage of what light?
Sunlight
Sunlight consists of what?
Photons
400-700 nanometers is what light?
Visible light
Highly structured, membrane-rich organelles are?
Chloroplasts
Plant pigments absorb the energy in what?
Light
Do pigments both absorb and reflect light energy?
Yes
What is the most important chlorophyll? What percentage?
Chlorophyll a, 75%
What is orange, yellow in color?
Carotenoids
What chlorophyll makes plants appear green?
Chlorophyll a
What are two examples of carotenoids?
Carotenes and xanthophylls
Is chlorophyll b an accessory pigment?
Yes
Accessory pigments help what absorb light energy?
Chlorophyll a
What is adenosine?
Adenine and ribose
The universal energy molecule that is also a modified nucleotide is what?
ATP
What are the two parts of photosynthesis?
Light reaction and the CBB cycle
What part of photosynthesis occurs on the chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules that absorb energy in light waves?
Light reaction
The pigment molecules used for the light reaction are concentrated on the surface of what?
Thylakoid membranes
In the light energy, light is used to split H2O. Oxygen from the water is released as what while hydrogen becomes an energy source for part 2 as it travels on what carrier molecule?
Waste and NADPH
The electrons from water in the light reaction are used to make what?
ATP
How many electrons, hydrogens, and oxygens are released after water is split?
2 electrons, 2 hydrogens, and 1 oxygen
The 2 hydrogens and ATP created in the light reaction are used to make what from CO2 in the second part?
Carbohydrates
Where does the CBB cycle take place?
Stroma of chloroplasts
In the CBB cycle, what assembles carbs from CO2?
Enzymes
What two things are transported from the light reaction to CBB cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What two things are transported from the CBB cycle to the light reaction?
ADP and NADP+
Move minerals in water in the xylem, activates seed germination, and softens the seed are three reasons plants need what?
Water
Plants can’t make what without water?
Carbohydrates
What is used by the majority of living things to extract energy from food?
Cellular Respiration
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
What are the three steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
Cellular respiration is performed by what special protein?
Enzymes
What special energy molecule supplies energy for work to be done in cellular respiration?
ATP
What are the three types of sugars?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are two examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose and lactose
What are two examples of polysaccharides?
Glycogen and starch
What is the primary energy source of chemical energy in organisms?
Glucose
Of starch, glycogen, glucose, sucrose, and lactose, which of these are the rest turned into by enzymes in the organism?
Glucose
What is step 1 of cellular respiration and what does it do?
Glycolysis and it splits the glucose molecule in half
Where does glycolysis occur and does it need oxygen?
Occurs in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondrion and can occur without oxygen
What does glucose turn into in glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
What does the NADH made in glycolysis carry that are free for later use?
2 hydrogen atoms
The two pyruvic molecules made in glycolysis are converted into what?
Two other molecules
What is the second step of cellular respiration and where does it occur?
Krebs Cycle and it takes place in the matrix, or aqueous part, of the mitochondrion
The two converted pyruvic molecules enter as how many reactions occur?
8 reactions
What are the products of the 8 reactions that occur in the Krebs Cycle?
6 CO2 released as waste, 2 ATP, and 8 hydrogen atoms and their electrons attached to NADH and FADH2.
In the Krebs Cycle what sort of bonds are “tapped” to release energy in steps?
High energy bonds
After the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP are there?
4 ATP
The third step of cellular respiration requires what from breathing?
Oxygen
What is the third step of cellular respiration and where does it occur?
Electron transport system and occurs on the cristae, or inner membrane, of the mitochondrion
The electron transport system converts energy from hydrogen/proton gradient into what via electron transport chain?
ATP
How many ATP molecules are made in the ETS?
34 ATP
What process extracts the most energy or produces the most ATP molecules for cellular respiration?
Electron transport system
How many ATP are used from one glucose molecule? Each steps gives how many?
38 total
2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs Cycle, and 34 from ETS
Is ATP easily or not easily stored by the body? Why is this?
It is not as ATP must be “spent” to make new ATP
You use your what in body weight in a typical day?
ATP
The amount of ATP present in the human body at any given moment would sustain life for only about what?
One minute
How many ATP are produced per second?
10^21 per second
How many ATP are produced per second per cell?
10-15 million
