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Biology 101 > Chemical Foundation of Cells > Flashcards

Chemical Foundation of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass is what?

A

Matter

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2
Q

Can elements be broken down into simpler things?

A

No

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3
Q

How many elements of the 118 are naturally occurring?

A

92 elements

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4
Q

99% of the atoms in any living thing come from what six elements? (CHNOPS)

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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4
Q

How many elements can be found in living things?

A

25 elements

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5
Q

The smallest unit of an element that still behaves like that element is what?

A

An atom

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6
Q

The atomic symbol is what?

A

1 or 2 letters to represent the element

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7
Q

What determines what element it is?

A

The number of protons

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8
Q

What is the naturally occurring carbon?

A

Carbon-12

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9
Q

Is Carbon-14 unstable (radioactive)?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is a molecule where electrons spend less time near hydrogen, which makes the hydrogen more positive?

A

Water

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11
Q

Unless there are many, hydrogen bonding is what?

A

Relatively weak

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11
Q

The attraction of that slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in another or the same molecule

A

Hydrogen bonding

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12
Q

Is water a polar molecule?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Is water 90% of the weight of most plants?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is the universal solvent and a polar molecule?

A

Water

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15
Q

Organic molecules contain what elements?

A

Carbon

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16
Q

What are the four types of organic molecules in living things?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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17
Q

The most abundant organic molecule in nature is what?

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

What are three examples of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars, starches, and celluloses

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19
Q

Plants and algae store energy as what?

A

Starch

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19
Q

Animals and fungi store energy as what?

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

The most abundant organic compound known is what?

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

Starch and glycogen easily convert to what?

A

Sugars

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22
Q

What is the plant reinforcing material?

23
Q

What is simple, sweet tasting, and sugars? What is an example?

A

Monosaccharides and glucose

24
Q

Sucrose is composed of what two compounds?

A

Glucose and fructose

25
Q

What is an example of disaccharides?

A

Table sugar/sucrose

26
Q

Many sweet tasting sugars bonding together is what?

A

Polysaccharides

27
Q

The sweet taste is lost in polysaccharides, which now makes the taste what?

A

Starchy or woody

28
Q

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glucose, glycogen, and starch

29
Q

What is the most energy abundant organic molecule?

A

Lipids or fats

30
Q

Fats are hydrophobic, or what?

A

Float on water

31
Q

A phospholipid is what two things bonded together?

A

Phosphorus and fat

32
Q

A type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid

33
Q

Triglycerides, phospholipids, oils, steroids, and waxes are examples of what organic molecule?

34
Q

Are unsaturated or saturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats

35
Q

Vegetable oil, fish oil, and olive oil are examples of what type of fat?

A

Unsaturated fats

36
Q

Are unsaturated or saturated fats solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

37
Q

Lard, cool bacon grease, palm oil, and coconut oil are what type of fat and are saturated with hydrogen?

A

Saturated fats

38
Q

The polar head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

39
Q

What arranges themselves in a double layer of water, called a phospholipid bilayer? Also lipids of cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

40
Q

What lipid has a high melting point, waterproof, and not easily taken apart?

41
Q

A bee honeycomb, glands of many animal ears, and plant leaves and fruits are made of what?

42
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins and there are 20 different ones?

A

Amino acids

43
Q

Long chains of amino acids are called what?

A

Polypeptides

44
Q

What determines what proteins are made?

45
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

Phospholipids

46
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

Alpha helix or beta sheet

47
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

Folded polypeptides and many alpha helixes and beta sheets

48
Q

Special proteins that carry out reactions to build and take apart biomolecules?

49
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure and what does it do?

A

Two or more folded polypeptides and perform a biological function

50
Q

Are enzymes catalysts?

51
Q

Epidermis, keratin, muscle, collagen (tendons and ligaments), and spider silk fibers are what type of proteins?

A

Structural proteins

52
Q

The most abundant protein in the human body is what and are what two things?

A

Collagen which are tendons and ligaments

53
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

54
Q

DNA and RNA provide information in the form of a code to determine what proteins and RNA get what?

55
Q

One unit of DNA/RNA is a what?

A

Nucleotide

56
Q

A phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base are the three parts of what?

A

Nucleotide

57
Q

Is RNA or DNA almost always single-stranded?

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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