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Biology 101 > Cell Division and Introductory Genetics > Flashcards

Cell Division and Introductory Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two ways cells can divide?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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2
Q

What is the duplication and division of the nucleus and its contents?

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

What is the duplication and division of everything except the nucleus and its contents?

A

Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Every single human spent 30 minutes being a single cell?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What three cell cycle phases make up interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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6
Q

What is the most significant phase for replication and growth of organelles?

A

G1

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7
Q

Which interphase phase is where the cell grows in preparation for DNA replication and is biochemically active?

A

G1 phase

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8
Q

The cell is biochemically active, prepares itself for mitosis, and rapid cell growth are three characteristics of what interphase phase?

A

G2

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9
Q

In which interphase phase is DNA replicated in the nucleus?

A

S, or synthesis phase

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10
Q

Mitosis lasts about how many minutes?

A

80 minutes

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11
Q

While cytokinesis overlaps with mitosis, does that mean it is a part of mitosis?

A

No

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12
Q

The complete cell cycle takes about how many hours?

A

24 hours

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13
Q

6.5 feet of DNA is in each cell of what?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

After the S phase, how many chromosomes are there?

A

92 chromosomes

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15
Q

Held together at the centromere, what chromosomes replicate themselves?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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16
Q

Growth of the organism and tissue repair, ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information, and asexual reproduction in some species are the three functions of what?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

The five phases of mitosis are?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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18
Q

What is the longest phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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19
Q

Chromosomes become visible as they condense as the original copy sister chromatids are “stuck” together at the centromere in what phase?

A

Prophase

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20
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

An area of the cell containing centrioles

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21
Q

The nucleolus breaks apart and strings form made of microtubules in what mitosis phase?

A

Prophase

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22
Q

Chromosomes move toward the equator and attach to spindle strings at kinetochores of centromeres, nuclear membrane broken down, and microtubules continue growing from centrioles of centrosomes of what mitosis phase?

A

Prometaphase

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23
Q

Chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles in what mitosis phase?

A

Metaphase

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24
Q

What is the shortest mitosis phase?

A

Anaphase

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25
Q

Sister chromatids separate at the centromere, chromosomes part and move to the poles, and poles of cells move farther apart in what mitosis phase?

A

Anaphase

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26
Q

What is the 2nd longest mitosis phase?

A

Telophase

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27
Q

New cell components begin to appear, protein fibers break up, nuclear membranes and nucleoli reform, chromosomes become uncondensed, and mitosis is complete in what mitosis phase?

A

Telophase

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28
Q

The formation of two complete, new cells is what phase?

A

Cytokinesis

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29
Q

All the chromosomes in a cell except the sex cells are called what?

A

Autosomes

30
Q

Are most organisms capable of sexual reproduction?

A

Yes

31
Q

Is sexual or asexual reproduction safer and faster?

A

Asexual

32
Q

Unique traits in offspring and offspring are better adapted to local conditions are two advantages of what reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction

32
Q

Plants, some animals, and microorganisms can reproduce which way?

A

Asexually

33
Q

What type of chromosomes have the same kind of genes but the chemistry is a little different?

A

Homologous chromosomes

34
Q

Eye color, hair color, height, behavior, and more are examples of genes for what?

A

Homologous chromosomes

35
Q

Two complete sets of chromosomes is what?

A

Diploid

36
Q

What is diploid, or 2n, in humans?

A

46

37
Q

One set of chromosomes is called what?

A

Haploid

38
Q

What are two examples of haploids?

A

Sperm and egg

39
Q

Human sperm and egg are formed via?

A

Meiosis

40
Q

What two processes make haploid cells from a diploid cell?

A

Meiosis and cytokinesis

41
Q

In animals, what process has a diploid nucleus divide twice, leading to 4 haploid nuclei?

A

Meiosis

42
Q

Genetically unique cells are formed after what with meiosis?

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

The purpose of meiosis is to create what?

A

Unique traits in offspring

44
Q

Is each sperm and egg cell genetically unique?

A

Yes

45
Q

Down’s Syndrome is caused by the failure of chromosome what separation?

A

21

46
Q

Color vision and blood clotting are examples of what-linked traits?

A

X-linked

47
Q

100 to 200 genes are found on the what chromosome, despite approximately only 45 to 73 coding for protein?

A

Y chromosome

47
Q

Color blindness on X makes who more affected?

A

Males

48
Q

What gene triggers testes development?

A

SRY

49
Q

Women have approximately how many more genes than men?

A

1,000

50
Q

Turner’s Syndrome only affects who?

A

Women

51
Q

One of the X chromosomes are missing or partially missing, leaving only one X, is what syndrome?

A

Turner’s Syndrome

52
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome is what three chromosomes?

A

XXY

53
Q

A genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of an X chromosome is:

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

54
Q

Superfemales is the common name when you get either of these two chromosome patterns:

A

XXX and XXXX

55
Q

Tall, thin, and delayed motor and language development are traits of what three chromosomes?

A

XXX

56
Q

Extremely rare, tall, and severe mental impairment are three traits of what four chromosomes together?

A

XXXX

57
Q

Which syndrome thought males were once more aggressive?

A

Jacob’s Syndrome

58
Q

1 in 1,000 males is born with what syndrome?

A

Jacob’s Syndrome

59
Q

Might be taller than other boys, can have problems with spoken language and processing spoken words, coordination problems, weaker muscles, hand tremors, and behavioral difficulties are traits of what syndrome?

A

Jacob’s Syndrome

60
Q

Jacob’s Syndrome is also called what?

A

XYY

61
Q

Trisomy 18 is more commonly known as what?

A

Edward’s Syndrome

62
Q

Trisomy 13 is also called what?

A

Patua Syndrome

63
Q

Trisomy 8 is also called what?

A

Warkany Syndrome

64
Q

The most common trisomy leading to miscarriage is what?

A

Trisomy 16

65
Q

Frequent cause of spontaneous abortion in first trimester – rare live birth is what trisomy?

A

Trisomy 22

66
Q

Which trisomy has a much lower survival rate than Down’s Syndrome?

A

Trisomy 9

67
Q

Whose work was rediscovered in 1900 where he cross-pollinated garden peas?

A

Gregor Mendel

68
Q

A length of DNA; codes for one protein

A

Gene

69
Q

One version of a set of genes for a trait

A

Allele

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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