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Infectious Disease > Microbiology Review > Flashcards

Microbiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What color are gram (+) bacteria’s when a gram stain is done?

A

Crystal violet

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2
Q

What color are gram (-) bacteria’s when a gram stain is done?

A

Red

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3
Q

Which bacteria (+ or -) has a rigid/thick outer layer? What is the layer called?

A

Gram positive; peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Which bacteria (+ or -) is not easily stained? Why?

A

Gram (-); a lipopolysaccharide layer does not allow the dye to adhere to peptidoglycan

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5
Q

How many layers does a gram (+) bacteria have?

A

Two

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6
Q

How many layers does a gram (-) bacteria have?

A

Three

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7
Q

How many groups of bacteria are divided by gram stains?

A

Three (Red, Crystal violet, and bacteria that do not stain)

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8
Q

How are bacteria named?

A

With a genus (first name) and species (last name)

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9
Q

(T/F) - Nomenclature for bacteria have to be italicized

A

TRUE

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10
Q

(T/F) - Bacteria cannot be grouped under a non-species name

A

FALSE - they can in some cases; for example: Enterobacteriaceae

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11
Q

What common morphology (forms) are Gram (+)?

A

Cocci

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12
Q

(T/F) - Bacilli can occur in gram (+)

A

True; uncommon though

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13
Q

What genus bacteria(s) forms cocci clusters? Is it gram (+ or -)?

A

Staphylococcus; Gram (+)

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14
Q

What genus bacteria(s) form cocci chains? Is it gram (+ or -)?

A

Streptococci (also Enterococci); Gram (+)

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15
Q

What test helps differentiate staphylococcus and streptococcus/enterococcus?

A

Rapid catalase test

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16
Q

If the catalase test comes out positive, what genus is it?

A

Staphylococcus

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17
Q

If the catalase test comes out negative, what genus is it?

A

Streptococcus or Enterococcus

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18
Q

Which test is helpful to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus with Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Coagulase test

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19
Q

Which staphylococcus is virulent (deadly), S. epidermidis or S. aureus?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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20
Q

If a coagulase test is positive, what staph species would that indicate? How would it look like in test tube?

A

Staphylococcus aureus; coagulated

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21
Q

If a coagulase test is negative, what staph species would that indicate? How would it look in a test tube?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis; no coagulation

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22
Q

Which staph species contaminates the blood more?

A

Staph. epidermidis

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23
Q

What test helps differentiate streptococci species?

A

Hemolysis

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24
Q

How many hemolysis tests are there? Name them

A

3

  • Beta
  • Alpha
  • Non-hemolytic (gamma)
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25
Q

Which hemolysis test is described as complete hemolysis (kills blood cells)

26
Q

Which hemolysis test is described as an incomplete hemolysis (does not completely kill blood cells)?

27
Q

Which hemolysis test cannot lyse blood cells?

A

Non-hemolytic (gamma)

28
Q

The hemolysis test that results in clear zones around the colonies in an agar plate, is which one?

29
Q

The hemolysis test that results in no effect in the colonies in an agar plate, is which one?

A

Non-hemolytic (gamma)

30
Q

The hemolysis test that results in a greenish halo around the colonies in an agar plate, is which one?

31
Q

If alpha hemolysis occurs, what streptococcus species could it be?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae

- Viridians streptococcus

32
Q

If non-hemolytic occurs, what genus could it be?

A

Enterococci

33
Q

If beta hemolysis occurs, what streptococcus could it be?

A

Group A and B streptococcus

34
Q

Which gram (+) cocci are anaerobe(s)? HINT: 2 types

A

Peptostreptococcus

Peptococcus

35
Q

Define aerobic bacteria

A

oxygen is needed as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

36
Q

Define obligate aerobes

A

Must have oxygen

37
Q

Define facultative aerobes

A

Can live in both aerobic and anaerobic environments

38
Q

Define anaerobic bacteria

A

Lives in an anaerobic environment (no oxygen)

39
Q

What are two types of resistant strains? Name abbreviation and name

A 
MSSA = Methicillin Sensitive Staph aureus
MRSA = Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus
40
Q

What is the name of the Beta-lactam drug that can ONLY be used for MRSA? What class is it in?

A

Ceftaroline; 5th generation cephalosporin

41
Q

What are the two most common enterococci?

A

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

42
Q

Which enterococcus species (faecalis or faecium) is more resistant?

A

Enterococcus faecium

43
Q

Which enterococcus species (faecalis or faecium) is more commonly to occur?

A

Enterococcus faecalis

44
Q

What gram (+) bacilli are aerobes? HINT = 3 types

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Bacillis anthracis
  • Corynebacterium
45
Q

What gram (+) bacilli are anaerobes? HINT = 3 types

A
  • Clostridium
  • Propionibacterium
  • Lactobacillus
46
Q

Which aerobic gram (+) bacilli is more common in the very old and very young?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

47
Q

What common morphology (forms) are in gram (-)?

A

Bacilli (rods)

48
Q

If gram (-) cocci appears, it could indicate what?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

49
Q

What test can be used to distinguish fermenter and nonfermenter gram (-) bacteria?

A

Glucose/lactose fermentation

50
Q

Which gram (-) bacilli family ferments glucose/lactose?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

51
Q

Gram (-) bacilli that are fermented are also known as:

A

Enteric gram (-) bacilli

52
Q

Gram (-) coccobacillary are known as (HINT: 3 types)

A

H. influenzae
Moroxella
Acinetobacter

53
Q

What are the 4 gram (-) bacilli that are nonfermenters?

A

Pseudomonas
Stenotrophomonas
Burkholderia
Acinetobacter

54
Q

How are nonfermenters gram (-) bacilli treated?

A

With a broad spectrum antibiotic

55
Q

Why are nonfermenter gram (-) bacilli treated with a broad spectrum antibiotc?

A

Because they are very resistant to most antibiotics

56
Q

What are the 3 anaerobic gram (-) bacilli?

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Prevotella
  • Fusobacterium
57
Q

What are fastidious organisms in gram (-) bacteria?

A

They are picky eaters - grow slowly and often require specially supplemented media

58
Q

How is a glucose/lactose fermentation identified in an agar plate? (positive glucose/lactose test)

A

A dark red color

59
Q

If bacteria do not stain in a gram (-) bacilli, what are they known as?

A

Atypical organisms

60
Q

Name 3 types of atypical organisms?

A

Chlamydia spp
Mycoplasma
Legionella

Infectious Disease (41 decks)

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