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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 4-7-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 4-7-15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA

A

helicase

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2
Q

what is the name of the substance that holds the two strands of DNA apart after the helicase has unzipped it

A

SSB protein ( single strand binding)

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3
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that builds RNA on the sense strand

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

what is the name of the strand that is in the 3’ to 5’ position

A

the sense strand

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5
Q

what prime is the sense strand

A

3’ to 5’ prime

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6
Q

what happens to the 5’ to 3’ prime strand during transcription

A

nothing it isn’t used

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7
Q

what is the process of copying the code of DNA called

A

transcription

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8
Q

after transcription has taken place what happens to the DNA

A

the hydrogen bonds will reattach and wind the DNA back up to its original shape

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9
Q

true or false

DNA is permanently changed after transcription has occured

A

false it is unchanged

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10
Q

what is the name of the mRNA sense strand also called

A

the complimentary copy

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11
Q

when is transcription complete?

A

when the mRNA is made

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12
Q

how is mRNA read?

A

in 3 nucleotides at a time

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13
Q

what is a codon?

A

3 nucleotides on the mRNA

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14
Q

what does a codon code for

A

an Amino Acid

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15
Q

what is the product of transcription

A

mRNA

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16
Q

is DNA required for translation

A

no

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17
Q

what is the name of the two binding sites on the ribosome

A

p-site and a-site

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18
Q

what part of translation carries the codon

A

the mRNA

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19
Q

what part of translation carries the anticodon

A

the tRNA

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the tRNA

A

to carry the amino acids to the ribosome

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21
Q

what is the name of the amino acid binding site on every tRNA

A

ACC

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the amino acid binding site?

A

it tell what AA it carries

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23
Q

what is the name of the site located at the bottom loop of the tRNA

A

the anticodon

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24
Q

what is the purpose of the anticodon

A

it tells what AA the tRNA is carrying

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25
Q

how many AA does bacteria make?

A

all 20

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26
Q

how many AA does every cell need to carry

A

all 20

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27
Q

how do humans get their AA

A

they consume it in their diet

28
Q

what are the 2 sections of the ribosome called

A

the large subunit and the small subunit

29
Q

where is the area that signals the start of translation and what is the codon called

A

the start codon is AUG and it signals the start of translation when it enters the P site

30
Q

when does the A site become available

A

when the P site is full

31
Q

if the start codon is AUG than what must the anticodon be

A

UAC

32
Q

what is the name of the 3 codons that will not have tRNA to attach to them

A

the stop codon

33
Q

what happens to the ribosome at the end of transcription

A

it breaks away into the 2 subunits

34
Q

what must be positioned at the P site to start transcription

A

AUG

35
Q

what is the amino acid that codes AUG

A

methionine

36
Q

can there be more than 1 codon to code for a certain AA

A

yes

37
Q

how many AA are found in nature

A

20

38
Q

what differentiates 1 tRNA from another

A

its anticodon

39
Q

how many different tRNA can exist in every cell in every organism

A

64 - the 3 stop codons= 61

40
Q

what is it called when multiple ribosomes are attached to 1 mRNA molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

polyribosomal complex

41
Q

name a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes during transcription

A
  1. eukaryotes must do translation than transcription
    prokaryotes can do it simultaneously
  2. 1 mRNA codes for 1 protein in eukaryotes and multiple in prokaryotes
  3. eukaryotes must get rid of the introns and prokaryotes don’t have introns
42
Q

why cant a eukaryote do transcription and translation simultaneously like prokaryotes

A

because in eukaryotes the mRNA has to leave the nucleus and in bacteria both happens in the nucleoid region

43
Q

what is meant by the word expressed when talking about genes

A

it means that the gene is turned on to make the product

44
Q

what is meant by the word non-expressed when talking about genes

A

it means that the gene is turned off and no products are made

45
Q

what is the name of genes ( 60-80%) that are turned on all of the time

A

constitutive genes

46
Q

what is the name of genes ( 20-40%) that are turned on and off as needed

A

regulated genes

47
Q

what part of the gene codes for the repressor proteins

A

the regulator

48
Q

what part of the gene binds RNA polymerase 1

A

the promotor

49
Q

what part of the gene binds active repressor proteins

A

the operator

50
Q

what part of the gene codes for the protein

A

the structural gene

51
Q

what part of the gene signals the stop for transcription

A

the terminator

52
Q

what is the operon sequence

A

the unit consists of the a regulatory gene, repressor site, and structural site

53
Q

how many different codons code for methionine in the genetic code

A

only 1

54
Q

a particular AA can be coded for more than 1 AA is a back up system known as

A

redundancy

55
Q

what part of transcription codes for the AA

A

the mRNA

56
Q

what does the operon code for

A

protein and whether or not its made

57
Q

where do the repressor proteins attach when turned on

A

the operator site

58
Q

what does the active repressor proteins block from getting to the structural gene

A

RNA polymerase

59
Q

name the pathway that tells the operon what to do

A

promotor, structural gene than the terminator

60
Q

what happens when the active repressor protein binds to the operator site, preventing the RNA polymerase from getting to the structural gene

A

the gene is turned off and no mRNA is made

61
Q

name the type of operon that is normally off but must be turned on

A

induction

62
Q

are the active proteins, active or inactive in an induction operon

A

normally active

63
Q

name the type of operon that is normally on until its turned off

A

repression

64
Q

are the active proteins, active or inactive in a repression operon

A

normally inactive

65
Q

what type of reaction do induction genes produce

A

catabolic reactions

66
Q

what type of reaction do repression genes produce

A

anabolic reactions

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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