microbiology quiz 3-12-15 Flashcards
those things that have carbon, hydrogen or oxygen are considered what type of nutrient?
organic nutrient
those things that do not have carbon, hydrogen or oxygen are considered what type of nutrient?
inorganic nutrient
name a few things that would be considered a inorganic nutrient?
metals, salts, gases, water
name a few things that would be considered an organic nutrient?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, methane, and nucleic acids
name a macronutrient
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
amino acids
name a micronutrients
zinc magnesium iron potassium chloride calcium sodium
a cell has a composition of how much water
70%
the human cell is composed of what % of the top 6 elements and name the elements
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen-----------------96% phosphorous calcium-------------------2.5% equals 98.5% of the weight of the human body
the bacterial cell is composed of what % of the elements and name the elements
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen phosphorous sulfur------------------------96%
if you remove the water of the bacterial cell it is known as what
dry weight
what makes up 50% of the dry weight of bacterial cells
carbon
what type of organism captures their carbon from carbon dioxide in the air?
true autotrophs
what type of organism capture their carbon for energy from organic compounds?
heterotrophs
what type of organism captures their energy from a light source?
phototrophs
what type of organism captures their energy from chemicals?
chemotrophs
what type of organism captures energy from light and carbon from the air?
photoautotrophs
what type of organism captures energy from light and carbon from organic compounds?
photoheterotrophs- these are rare bacteria and prokaryotes that are able to do this
what type of organism gets their energy from inorganic chemicals and carbon from the air (carbon dioxide)?
chemoautotroph
give an example of a photoautotrophs?
plants
algae
cyanobacteria
green and purple sulfur bacteria
name an example of a photoheterotroph
some prokaryotes that are environmentally important
what type of organism gets their energy from chemicals and carbon from organic compounds?
chemoheterotrophs
name an example of a chemoheterotrophs
most bacteria
fungi
animals
protozoa
name the category of chemoheterotroph that feeds on dead organic material
saprobes
name the category of chemoheterotroph that feed on living organisms
parasites
give the meaning of troph-
food
give the meaning of -phile
to love
give the meaning of -obe
to live
give the meaning of hetero-
other
give the meaning of auto-
self
give the meaning of photo-
light
give the meaning of chemo-
chemical
give the meaning of sapro-
rotten
give the meaning of halo-
salt
give the meaning of thermo-
heat
give the meaning of psychro-
cold
give the meaning of aero-
air ( o2)
name the category that includes the bacteria that are cold loving, with an optimal temperature for reproducing is less that 15 degree C, and is not a disease causer?
psychrophiles
name the category that includes the bacteria that have an optimal temperature is greater than 20 degrees C
psychrotrophs
give an example of a psychrotroph that can still reproduce in a refrigerator and can affect pregnant or immunocompromised people?
Listeria
name the psychrotroph that in 1976 caused a life threatening disease related to dirty air conditioning units
Legionella pneumophila
name the category that includes the bacteria that have an optimal temperature of 20-40 degrees C
mesophile
give an example of a mesophile
streptococcus pyogenes
name the category that includes the bacteria that have an optimal temperature of greater than 100 degrees C
thermophile
give an example of a thermophile
Pseudomonas- causes bacterial skin infections related to the steam in hot tubs
out of the 4 categories of bacteria, which bacteria are most associated with the human body?
mesophile
what adaptation is the lowest temperature that permits a microbe continued growth, and metabolism, but below this temperature activities are inhibited?
minimum temperature
what adaptation is the highest temperature which permits growth and metabolism, but if it rises above this temperature, growth will stop and the cells will die?
maximum temperature
what adaptation is the area which is between the min and the max, promoting the fastest growth and rate of metabolism?
optimum temperature
when cells begin to die related to temperature this is known as
denaturation
what degree Celsius is the human body
37 degrees Celsius
what range of degree Celsius is the danger zone for food preservation
15-52 degrees Celsius
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that cannot grow without oxygen
obligate aerobe
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it
facultative anaerobe
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of it:
microaerophile
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that lacks the enzyme for processing toxic oxygen, they cannot tolerate any free oxygen. they do not use oxygen for respiration and are not able to grow in the presence of oxygen
obligate anaerobe
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that does not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
aerotolerant anaerobe
what is the gas requirement category of an organism that grows best at higher CO2 tensions?
capnophiles
what is the CO2 requirement for a capnophile?
3-10%
what is the oxygen requirement for a microaerophile?
1-15%
a bacteria that can grow within a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 is called :
a neutrophile
a bacteria that can grow with a pH level less than 5.5 is called :
acidophile
name an acidophile that can be found in and thrive in the stomach acid environment
Helicobacter pylori
a bacteria that can live in hot pools and soils that contain high levels of basic minerals in a pH of above 8.0 are called
alkalinophiles`
most bacteria love a pH of what level?
6.5 to 7.5
Pseudomonas has what type of gas requirement?
obligate aerobe
Clostridium butyricum has what type of gas requirement?
obligate anaerobe
what is the most common type of gas requirement
facultative anaerobe
Staphylococcus aureus has what type of gas requirement?
facultative anaerobe
Escherichia coli has what type of gas requirement?
facultative anaerobe
thioglycollate broth is used to demonstrate what property of bacteria?
its used to demonstrate is oxygen requirements
a bacteria that grows only where high concentrations of oxygen are?
obligate aerobe
a bacteria that grows where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout the tube also are?
facultative anaerobe
a bacteria that growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
obligate anaerobe
a bacteria that growth occurs evenly and oxygen has no effect on it is
aerotolerant anaerobe
a bacteria that growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium
microaerophile
there are two methods used for culturing anaerobes, what are they
a anaerobic chamber and a gas pak
what is the gas requirement for a bacteria that grows best at CO2 tensions?
capnophile
what is the normal CO2 level in the air
0.03%
a reciprocal, obligatory and beneficial relationship between two organisms
mutualism
when one organism benefits and the other organism is neither benefitted or harmed by the relationship
commensalism
this occurs between a host and an infectious agent, the host is harmed in the interaction
parasitism
what type of mutualism occurs in humans and bacteria
the bacteria that live in our intestines
what type of commensalism occurs in humans and bacteria
the bacteria that lives on our skin, it benefits from being on our skin, but we are not harmed or benefited by its presence. Staphylococcus epidermitis
when microorganisms group together and attach to a substrate it is known as a
biofilm
the grouping of the cells in a biofilm is known as what type of cells
sessile
the stimulation of the biofilm to produce a product, to grow to a certain density is known as a
quorum
name a bacteria that can produce a biofilm, it is found in hot tubs, its a thermophile, its an aerobe, and can lead to death especially in burn patients
pseudomonas aeruginosa
how many people are affected by biofilms according to the CDC
70%
what is the asexual reproduction or division of bacterial cells, when one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells
binary fission
where in the bacterial cell is the chromosomes attached
the plasma membrane
using an estimate of live cells is called the
viable count
what is the graphic representation of the stages of growth in a closed population over time
the growth curve
during this phase the cells are metabolically active but not reproducing
lag phase
during this phase the cells are reproducing at an exponential rate
log phase
during this phase the cells rate of reproduction and death are equal
stationary phase
during this phase the cells are dying off at an exponential rate
death phase
